Daily Prelims Notes 24 September 2022

September 24, 2022
Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team
Category: DPN

Daily Prelims Notes

24 September 2022

Table Of Contents

Subject : International Relations

Context: Reform of the United Nations has been a central theme of External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar’s visit to the United Nations. He met with his counterparts from Germany, Brazil and Japan under The Group of Four (G4) banner following the BRICS meeting. The group is primarily focused on UN Security Council (UNSC) reform, and permanent membership for G4 members. On Thursday, they reiterated their commitment to pushing forward reform and expressed dissatisfaction at the lack of progress.

India is currently a non-permanent member of the Council.

The G4 ministers expressed concern that the 76th Session of the UN General Assembly did not make “meaningful progress” in the Inter-Governmental Negotiations (IGN), which, according to the G4, was constrained by

Concept:

The G4 nations comprising Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan are four countries which support each other’s bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council.
G4’s primary aim is the permanent member seats on the Security Council.
Each of these four countries have figured among the elected non-permanent members of the council since the UN’s establishment.
Their economic and political influence has grown significantly in the last decades, reaching a scope comparable to the permanent members (P5).
However, the G4’s bids are often opposed by the Uniting for Consensus movement, and particularly their economic competitors or political rivals
The Security Council was established by the UN Charter in 1945. It is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations.
The other 5 organs of the United Nations are—the General Assembly, the Trusteeship Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.
Its primary responsibility is to work to maintain international peace and security.
The council has 15 members: the five permanent members and 10 non-permanent members elected for two-year term
The five permanent members are the United States, the Russian Federation, France, China and the United Kingdom.
Each member of the Security Council has one vote. Decisions of the Security Council on matters are made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members.
A “No” vote from one of the five permanent members blocks the passage of the resolution.
Any member of the United Nations which is not a member of the Security Council may participate, without vote, in the discussion of any question brought before the Security Council whenever the latter considers that the interests of that member are specially affected.
The council’s presidency is a capacity that rotates every month among its 15 members.
The council is headquartered at NewYork.

2. The Charter of the United Nations

Subject : International Relations

Context: US President Joe Biden on Wednesday said Russia had “shamelessly violated” the core tenets of the United Nations Charter

The Charter of the United Nations is the founding document of the United Nations. It was signed on 26 June 1945, in San Francisco, at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organization, and came into force on 24 October 1945.

The United Nations can take action on a wide variety of issues due to its unique international character and the powers vested in its Charter, which is considered an international treaty. As such, the UN Charter is an instrument of international law, and UN Member States are bound by it. The UN Charter codifies the major principles of international relations, from sovereign equality of States to the prohibition of the use of force in international relations.

Since the UN’s founding in 1945, the mission and work of the Organization have been guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter, which has been amended three times in 1963, 1965, and 1973.

The International Court of Justice, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, functions in accordance with the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which is annexed to the UN Charter, and forms an integral part of it

The Charter consists of a preamble and 111 articles grouped into 19 chapters

The preamble consists of two principal parts. The first part contains a general call for the maintenance of peace and international security and respect for human rights. The second part of the preamble is a declaration in a contractual style that the governments of the peoples of the United Nations have agreed to the Charter and it is the first international document regarding human rights.

Preamble of the Charter

WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED

to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and
to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and
to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and
to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

AND FOR THESE ENDS

to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and
to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security, and
to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and
to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,

HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS.

Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.

Chapters of UN Charter

Chapter I sets forth the purposes of the United Nations, including the important provisions of the maintenance of international peace and security.
Chapter II defines the criteria for membership in the United Nations.
Chapters III–XV, the bulk of the document, describe the organs and institutions of the UN and their respective powers.
Chapters XVI and Chapter XVII describe arrangements for integrating the UN with established international law.
Chapters XVIII and Chapter XIX provide for amendment and ratification of the Charter.

The following chapters deal with the enforcement powers of UN bodies:

Chapter VI describes the Security Council’s power to investigate and mediate disputes
Chapter VII describes the Security Council’s power to authorize economic, diplomatic, and military sanctions, as well as the use of military force, to resolve disputes;
Chapter VIII makes it possible for regional arrangements to maintain peace and security within their own region;
Chapters IX and Chapter X describe the UN’s powers for economic and social cooperation, and the Economic and Social Council that oversee these powers;
Chapters XII and Chapter XIII describe the Trusteeship Council, which oversaw decolonization;
Chapters XIV and Chapter XV establish the powers of, respectively, the International Court of Justice and the United Nations Secretariat.
Chapters XVI through Chapter XIX deal respectively with XVI: miscellaneous provisions,
Chapter XVII: transitional security arrangements related to World War II,
Chapter XVIII: the charter amendment process
Chapter XIX: ratification of the charter

3. Asbestos

Subject : Environment

Asbestos is a silicate compound found naturally in the environment and the mining operations used to extract it from the hills which had a rich source of this compound.

Asbestos is a strong incombustible fibre which is used for fireproofing and insulation. It also has a very high tensile strength. Consequently, it has umpteen uses — cement roofing sheets and piping and textile and automobile industries.

Asbestos and Human Health:

According to the World Health Organisation, all forms of asbestos are carcinogenic and approximately half of the deaths from occupational cancer are estimated to be caused by asbestos.
Globally, about 70 countries have banned the use of asbestos, but those such as the US, India and China have not.
Asbestosis is a notified disease under The Mines Act, 1952. In asbestosis, the disease manifestation can take 20-30 years.
Exposure to asbestos occurs through inhalation of fibres in air in the working environment, ambient air in the vicinity of point sources such as factories handling asbestos, or indoor air in housing and buildings containing friable (crumbly) asbestos materials. WHO claims that around 125 million people around the world are exposed to asbestos in their workplace.

Status of Asbestosis’ use in India:

Many countries have banned its extraction and usage. However, India still imports the compound and uses it in the automobile sector, talcum powder, construction and other sectors.
According to government data, in 2019-20, India imported 361,164 tonnes of asbestos. The main imports were through Russia (85 percent), Brazil, Kazakhstan and Hungary (three percent each), besides imports from Poland and South Africa. India is also said to be the largest importer of asbestos in the world. However, the government records claim that the imports have declined in the past few years.

Legal Battle:

In 1988, under the Mineral Conservation and Development Rules, 1988, GOI talked about restoring and reclaiming the mined areas for sustainable development. Despite the laws being there, several miners continue to flout the reclamation and restoration laws.
The Supreme Court of India in a landmark judgement in 1995 had asked the asbestos industries to pay compensation for the health hazards to their workers besides ordering asbestos industries to keep health records of their employees for 40 years since their recruitment and up to 15 years after they leave the company besides their accurate diagnosis.
In 2019, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) asked the Jharkhand government to ensure scientific removal of the dumped asbestos from the Roro Village. The state government vowed to use the District Mineral Foundation (DMF) funds and other resources to mitigate the effects of exposure to asbestos to the village. But, in 2022, the dumped waste continues to lie in the open, and the local tribal community is exposed to it.

4. Carbon Dating Technique

Subject : Science & tech

Context : A district court in Varanasi on Thursday allowed a petition seeking carbon dating of the structure inside the Gyanvapi mosque that the Hindu side has claimed is a ‘Shivling’.

The court has issued notices to other parties wanting to know whether they have any objection to carbon dating.

Concept :

About Radiocarbon Dating:

Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method that provides objective age estimates for carbon-based materials (Organic materials) that originated from living organisms.

An age could be estimated by measuring the amount of carbon-14 present in the sample and comparing this against an internationally used reference standard.

The method was developed in the late 1940s at the University of Chicago by Willard Libby.

Basic Principles of Carbon Dating:

Radiocarbon (carbon 14) is an isotope of the element carbon that is unstable and weakly radioactive.
The stable isotopes are carbon 12 and carbon 13.
Carbon 14 is continually being formed in the upper atmosphere by the effect of cosmic ray neutrons on nitrogen 14 atoms. It is rapidly oxidized in air to form carbon dioxide and enters the global carbon cycle.
Plants and animals assimilate carbon 14 from carbon dioxide throughout their lifetimes. When they die, they stop exchanging carbon with the biosphere and their carbon 14 content then starts to decrease at a rate determined by the law of radioactive decay.
Radiocarbon dating is essentially a method designed to measure residual radioactivity.

How Does Carbon Dating Work:

Carbon-14 is a weakly radioactive isotope of Carbon; also known as radiocarbon, it is an isotopic chronometer.
C-14 dating is only applicable to organic and some inorganic materials (not applicable to metals). Specifically, it cannot be used to determine the age of non-living things, like rocks, for example.
Also, the age of things that are more than 40,000-50,000 years cannot be arrived at through carbon dating. This is because after eight to ten cycles of half-lives have been crossed, the amount of carbon-14 becomes almost negligible and undetectable.
Gas proportional counting, liquid scintillation counting and accelerator mass spectrometry are the three principal radiocarbon dating methods.

5. DART Mission

Subject : Science & tech

Context : NASA is about to launch a spacecraft with one simple mission: Smash into an asteroid at 15,000 mph.

Concept :

The mission, the Double Asteroid Redirection Test, or DART, leaves Earth early to test whether slamming a spacecraft into an asteroid can nudge it into a different trajectory. Results from the test, if successful,
will come in handy if NASA and other space agencies ever need to deflect an asteroid to save Earth and avert a catastrophic impact.
The target of the spacecraft is a small moonlet called Dimorphos (Greek for “two forms”).Dimorphos orbits a larger asteroid named Didymos (Greek for “twin”), every 11 hours and 55 minutes.
Astronomers call those two asteroids a binary system, where one is a mini-moon to the other. Together, the two asteroids make one full orbit around the sun every two years.
This asteroid poses no threat to earth. It is essentially a target practice. DART’s impact will happen in late September or early October next year, when the binary asteroids are at their closest point to Earth, roughly 6.8 million miles away.

About the Mission:

DART is a low-cost spacecraft.
It has two solar arrays and uses hydrazine propellant for maneuvering the spacecraft.
It also carries about 10 kg of xenon which will be used to demonstrate the agency’s new thrusters called NASA Evolutionary Xenon Thruster–Commercial (NEXT-C) in space.
NEXT-C gridded ion thruster system provides a combination of performance and spacecraft integration capabilities that make it uniquely suited for deep space robotic missions.
The spacecraft carries a high-resolution imager called Didymos Reconnaissance and Asteroid Camera for Optical Navigation (DRACO).
Images from DRACO will be sent to Earth in real-time and will help study the impact site and surface of Dimorphos (the target asteroid).
DART will also carry a small satellite or CubeSat named LICIACube (Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids).
LICIACube is expected to capture images of the impact and the impact crater formed as a result of the collision.

Reason for Choosing Dimorphos:

Didymos is a perfect system for the test mission because it is an eclipsing binary which means it has a moonlet that regularly orbits the asteroid and which can be seen when it passes in front of the main asteroid.

Earth-based telescopes can study this variation in brightness to understand how long it takes Dimorphos to orbit Didymos.

6. SC to decide on excommunication case

Subject : Polity

Context : Supreme Court (SC) said it will examine whether the excommunication of the Dawoodi Bohra community’s members can be continued.

Concept

As per the Bombay Prevention of Excommunication Act, 1949, which first sought to prevent excommunication, the practice was defined as the “expulsion of a person from any community of which he is a member, depriving him of rights and privileges which are legally enforceable by a suit of civil nature”. This act was later repealed, and a legal challenge has been posed to the practice.

The act was challenged for the constitutional validity of the act in 1962, stating it violated fundamental rights guaranteed in the Constitution under Article 25 (Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion) and Article 26 (Freedom to manage religious affairs). The SC held in 1962 held that the excommunication is an essential part of the community and the power to excommunicate is to enforce discipline and preserve the denomination, not to punish. thereby giving protection for the practice. The court said on Tuesday that it would consider whether the practice protected by the 1962 constitutional bench order can continue.

DawoodiBohras?

The DawoodiBohras are members of the Muslim community’s Shia sect. Their leader is known as the Al-Dai-Al-Mutlaq. For over 400 years, the leader has been based out of India, including the current and the 53rd leader, His Holiness Dr SyednaMufaddal According to the members, around 1 million members of the community are spread across the world.
Leader of the community is recognised by the members as having the right to excommunicate its members. In practice, being excommunicated includes not being allowed to access a mosque belonging to the community or a burial dedicated to the Among those who have faced excommunication in the past were people who contested the headship of the leaders.

7. Kerala HC deems hartal called by PFI, illegal

Subject : Polity

Context : Division bench of Kerala High Court impleaded the PFI and its general secretary.

Concept :

Earlier HC orders state that political parties or any person or any association of persons which calls for hartal and general strike should give public notice seven days in advance.

Hartals/Strike called withour adhering to the above procedure would be deemed illegal and unconstitutional.

Constitutional provisions related to Right to strike:

For the armed forces and the police, where discipline is the most important prerequisite, even the fundamental right to form an association can be restricted under Article 19(4) in the interest of public order and other considerations.
Under Article 33 of the Constitution, Parliament, by law, can restrict or abrogate the rights of the members of the armed forces or the forces charged with the maintenance of public order so as to ensure the proper discharge of their duties and maintenance of discipline among them.
India recognized strike as a statutory right under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947.Strike is not expressly recognized in the Constitution of India.
The Supreme Court settled the case of Kameshwar Prasad v. The State of Bihar 1958 by stating that strike is not a fundamental right. Government employees have no legal or moral rights to go on strikes.
The Supreme Court in Delhi Police v. Union of India (1986) upheld the restrictions to form association by the members of the non-gazetted police force after the Police Forces (Restriction of Rights) Act, 1966, and the Rules as amended by Amendment Rules, 1970, came into effect.
While the right to freedom of association is fundamental, recognition of such association is not a fundamental right.

Parliament can by law regulate the working of such associations by imposing conditions and restrictions on their functions, the court held. In K. Rangarajan v. Government of Tamil Nadu (2003), the Supreme Court held that the employees have no fundamental right to resort to strike.Further, there is prohibition to go on strike under the Tamil Nadu Government Servants’ Conduct Rules, 1973.

8. Foreign Trade Policy

Subject: Economy

The Government will release a new foreign trade policy in the coming week that could include measures to help push up goods and services exports as well as rein in the runaway import bill. The current trade policy was introduced in 2015.

New initiatives expected under the new FTP:

The foreign trade policy will have three new chapters—on e-commerce, districts as export hubs, and SCOMET (dual use items used for civilian/industrial and military use)— thereby giving special emphasis on them.
The new chapter on SCOMET (Special Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment and Technologies) is aimed at bringing clarity on trade provisions for these dual-use items.
The FTP will also aim to promote and diversify services exports beyond the US and EU markets.
The policy will facilitate coordinated action between states and missions abroad to formulate and execute the trade promotion strategy.
There will also be a great emphasis on developing cross-border e-commerce to boost e-commerce exports from India.
The FTP would also likely allow extending concessions from schemes like Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) and EPCG in case the transaction is settled in rupees and not only in hard currencies like the dollar or euro. This is in line with the RBI allowing rupee trade.

Highlights of The Foreign Trade Policy (FTP) 2015-20:

FTP 2015-20 provided a framework for increasing exports of goods and services as well as generation of employment and increasing value addition in the country, in line with the ‘Make in India’ programme.
FTP 2015-20 introduced two new schemes, namely ‘Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS)’ for export of specified goods to specified markets and ‘Services Exports from India Scheme (SEIS)’ for increasing exports of notified services.
Measures had been adopted to nudge procurement of capital goods from indigenous manufacturers under the EPCG scheme by reducing specific export obligation to 75 percent of the normal export obligation.
Measures had been taken to give a boost to exports of defence and hi-tech items.
108 MSME clusters have been identified for focused interventions to boost exports. Accordingly, ‘NiryatBandhu Scheme’ had been galvanised and repositioned to achieve the objectives of ‘Skill India’.
Trade facilitation and enhancing the ease of doing business were the other major focus areas in the FTP. One of the major objectives of the FTP is to move towards paperless working in a 24×7 environment.

9. Banking system liquidity in deficit mode

Subject : economy

For the first time since May 2019, the banking system liquidity situation turned into a deficit mode of Rs 21,873.4 crore on September 20, 2022.

Banking system liquidity:

Liquidity in the banking system refers to readily available cash that banks need to meet short-term business and financial needs.
On a given day, if the banking system is a net borrower from the RBI under Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF), the system liquidity can be said to be in deficit and if the banking system is a net lender to the RBI, the system liquidity can be said to be in surplus.
The LAF refers to the RBI’s operations through which it injects or absorbs liquidity into or from the banking system.

Causes of this deficit:

Increased demand for credit
Advance tax outflow
Continuous intervention of the RBI to stem the fall in the rupee against the US dollar
Incremental deposit growth not keeping pace with credit demand

Impact of tight liquidity:

It could lead to a rise in the government securities yields and subsequently lead to a rise in interest rates for consumers too.

10. Ayurveda

Subject : Art and Culture

Context:

The National Medical Commission has proposed to integrate modern medicine with other branches such as Ayurveda and Homoeopathy by establishing departments of Integrative Medicine Research in medical colleges.

Ayurveda:

Ayurveda is an alternative medicine system with historical roots in the Indian subcontinent. Printed editions of the Sushruta Samhita, frame the work as the teachings of Dhanvantari, Hindu god of Ayurveda, incarnated as King Divodāsa of Varanasi, to a group of physicians, including Sushruta.

In Ayurveda texts, Dosha balance is emphasised, and suppressing natural urges is considered unhealthy and claimed to lead to illness.

Ayurveda treatises describe three elemental doshas viz. vāta, pitta and kapha, and state that balance (Skt. sāmyatva) of the doshas results in health, while imbalance (viṣamatva) results in disease.

Major disciplines:

Ayurveda has eight major disciplines that are collectively known as Ashtang Ayurveda, or the Eight Branches of Ayurveda:

Kaaya Chikitsa (Internal Medicine)
BaalaChikitsa (Treatment of Children / Pediatrics)
GrahaChikitsa (Demonology / Psychology)
UrdhvaangaChikitsa (Treatment of disease above the clavicle)
Shalya Chikitsa (Surgery)
DamstraChikitsa (Toxicology)
JaraChikitsa (Geriatrics, Rejuvenation)
VrshaChikitsa (Aphrodisiac therapy).

Ayurvedic practitioners regard physical existence, mental existence, and personality as their own unique units, with each element being able to influence the others.

Panchakarma:

According to Ayurveda, panchakarma are techniques to eliminate toxic elements from the body. Panchakarma refers to five actions, which are meant to be performed in a designated sequence with the stated aim of restoring balance in the body through a process of purgation.

11. Will algae biofuels become viable?

Subject : Environment

Context: Algae biofuel becoming more common

Algae came to the limelight in the world’s fight against climate change about a decade ago for its vast benefits in industrial production.
It can synthesise large volumes of oil (20 times more than that of mustard per acre), grow fast (10 times quicker than terrestrial plants) and capture carbon dioxide (CO2).
Since then, big industries and startups around the globe have been working to commercialisealgae-based biofuel processes to reduce dependence on conventional fossil fuels like petrol and diesel.
India’s Reliance Industries Ltd, at its Jamnagar facility, has developed catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction technology to convert algae biomass to oil. Under this process, water is used as a solvent under high temperature and pressure to extract oil from the biomass.
The benefits of this technology include direct utilisation of wet biomass without any need for drying and conversion of every organic fragment of biomass into oilwithout any wastage.
Japanese firms in collaboration with other global companies are planning mass-scale algae production in Malaysia.
Earlier in 2022,Turkish airlines partnered with Bogazici University to build an algae-based jet fuel demonstration plant in Istanbul with the funding from European Union.
Over 25 companies worldwide who initially pitched in to make algae biofuels have either gone bankrupt or moved to other algae products, includingAlgenol and Shell and Chevron.
Energy return on investment (EROI) is an indicator of sustainability assessment, which is the proportion of energy produced by a given source to the energy required to produce it.
When the EROI is less than 1, more energy is needed to create a fuel than is found in the fuel and co-products.
For algal biofuels produced in open ponds or photobioreactors, the predicted EROI ranges from 0.13 to 0.71. For a fuel to be a sustainable energy source, it should have an EROI greater than 3.
Phycobloom, a Cambridge and Oxford alumni startup, has developed an engineered algal strain that produces oil very efficiently without the requirement of any costly downstream machines.

12. Global Ocean Observing System report card released

Subject :Environment

Context–

A new Ocean Observing System Report Card – a high-level annual report providing deep insight into the state, capacity and value of our Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) – has just been released.

Prepared and produced by–

The GOOS Ocean Observing System Report Card was prepared in collaboration with WMO, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO (IOC-UNESCO) and other GOOS partners and experts, and produced by its operational centre

The objective of the Report–

The report card focuses onhow an integrated observing network adds value to society across three delivery areas of climate, operational services and ocean health.
It highlightsphysical, biogeochemical and, for the first time, biological observations, providing a global view of the state of ocean observations and identifying progress, key challenges and opportunities to enhance the system.

The 2022 Report Card includes several key areas–

Global view of the state of the Global Ocean Observing System
Monitoring ocean carbon uptake to allow more accurate climate model projections
Advancing coastal inundation forecasts and early warnings
Phytoplankton observations – vital for understanding changes in food webs and shifts in marine life
Involvement of new communities through the GOOS Ocean Decade Programmes

Ocean carbon monitoring–

In the past 20 years, GOOS has developed the capability to observe some aspects of the global ocean carbon, and the number of surface and ocean interior carbon observations is growing.
To help improve our understanding of the carbon cycle, and reduce uncertainties about greenhouse gas sources and sinks, thus supporting Paris Agreement mitigation action, WMO is seeking to establish a Global Greenhouse Gas Monitoring System, strengthening the international observing infrastructure and related modelling and assimilation efforts.

Forecasting and early warning of coastal inundation–

GOOS in situ and satellite observations are essential contributions to advance weather and flood warnings for coastal zones and communities which are increasingly at risk from rising sea levels and more frequent and intense storm surges
Recently, several wave buoys were deployed on the south coast of Fiji enhancing forecasts and warnings of coastal inundation.
The Fiji Minister for Infrastructure, Disaster Management, Land and Mineral Resources and Meteorological Services declared that work done by the Fiji Meteorological Service had enabled better planning and sound decisions prior to and during the advent of severe tropical cyclone Harold in April 2020.

Global phytoplankton observations–

Marine phytoplankton forms the base of marine food webs and supports other forms of life, including commercial fish valued at ~US$401 billion/year.
An important goal of GOOS is to improve forecasting of the ecosystem services provided by phytoplankton that support the Blue Economy, and this can only be achieved through gathering continued global phytoplankton observations.
Currently, a large set of satellite measurements provide information on phytoplankton distribution in the upper layers of the ocean at all times of the day and throughout the year.
Complementary to satellites, in situ observing instruments provide information about the composition of species of phytoplankton, the pigments they contain, and their

Way Forward–

Increasing cooperation between observers, modellers and communities, involving the civil society in ocean observation, as well as bridging the gap between technology innovation and user capacity are only some of the focuses of multiple new actions under the GOOS Ocean Decade Programmes, highlighted in the Report Card.
Enhanced ocean observations will form the foundation for thriving blue economies and sustainable development.

Together the 3 GOOS Ocean Decade Programmes – Observing Together, Ocean Observing Co-Design and Coast Predict– will provide the essential support needed to give us the ocean we need for the future we want.