Radical Transformations in Jatra

Sub : History

Sec: Art and culture

Why in News

The traditional folk theatre of Jatra, particularly in Odisha’s Ganjam district, has come under scrutiny due to extreme and controversial practices during performances. A recent incident involving the use of live animals on stage has sparked outrage among audiences, animal rights activists, and lawmakers, leading to legal actions.

Background:

A farmer-turned-actor, played Viradha, a demon from the Ramayana, in a Jatra performance. He used a live pig on stage, which he ripped apart during the act, shocking the audience.
Animal Welfare Violations: The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960, and guidelines by the Animal Welfare Board of India prohibit using live animals in cultural performances without permission.

Jatra:

Jatra is a traditional form of folk theatre combining drama, music, and dance to narrate mythological, historical, and social stories.
It is especially popular in Odisha, West Bengal, Assam, and Bangladesh.
Origin: The word “Jatra” means “journey” or “procession.” It originated as part of religious festivals and devotional practices, often dedicated to Lord Krishna and Lord Rama.
Emerged during the medieval Bhakti Movement to spread religious messages through performance.
Initially focused on devotional themes, it later incorporated social, historical, and political narratives.

Performances:

Ramayana-based Jatra: Common in Odisha, focusing on epic battles and moral lessons.
Krishna Leela Jatra: Celebrates the life and exploits of Lord Krishna.

Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960

Cruelty Definition (Section 11): Includes beating, overdriving, or torturing animals, and causing unnecessary suffering.
Prohibition on Animal Performances (Section 22): Requires registration for animal performances and adherence to AWBI guidelines.
The use of live pigs in Jatra violates Section 11, which prohibits cruelty.
Responsible individuals face penalties under this Act and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.