Why is 2023 so hot? A rare Pacific volcano is among the suspects

Subject: Geography

Section: Physical Geography

Context:

Scientists say an underwater volcanic eruption off Tonga in the South Pacific last year is majorly responsible for the unusual warming this year.

About the Tonga volcanic eruption

It is an Undersea Volcanic Eruption consisting of two small uninhabited islands, Hunga-Ha’apai and Hunga-Tonga.
The Tonga Islands occur along the Ring of Fire—a perimeter of heightened volcanic and seismic activity that encircles the Pacific Ocean basin.
The Hunga-Tonga-Hunga-Ha’apai volcano has erupted regularly over the past few decades.
During events in 2009 and 2014-15, hot jets of magma and steam exploded through the waves, but these eruptions were small, dwarfed in scale when compared to the January 2022 events.
The eruption in the Polynesian archipelago ejected 150mn-odd tonnes of water vapor into the stratosphere.
- Water vapor is a natural greenhouse gas, trapping heat as it swirls around the globe. By contrast.
The eruption also blew about 500,000 tonnes of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, which tends to cool the planet. That mix of water and sulfur complicates the volcano’s impact.
One of the reasons for it being highly explosive is the Fuel-Coolant interaction.

Fuel-Coolant Interaction

If magma rises into sea water slowly, even at temperatures of about 1200 degrees Celsius, a thin film of steam forms between the magma and water.
This provides a layer of insulation to allow the outer surface of the magma to cool. But this process doesn’t work when magma is blasted out of the ground full of volcanic gas.
When magma enters the water rapidly, any steam layers are quickly disrupted, bringing hot magma in direct contact with cold water.
It is akin to weapons-grade chemical explosions.
Extremely violent blasts tear the magma apart.
A chain reaction begins, with new magma fragments exposing fresh hot interior surfaces to water, and the explosions repeat, ultimately jetting out volcanic particles and causing blasts with supersonic speeds.

Impact:

Huge volcanic eruptions can sometimes cause temporary global cooling as sulfur dioxide is pumped into the stratosphere.
But in the case of the Tonga eruption, initial satellite measurements indicated the amount of sulfur dioxide released would only have a tiny effect of perhaps 0.01 Celsius global average cooling.
The eruption altered atmospheric pressure that may have briefly helped clear out the fog in Seattle, in the United States.
The waves crossed the Pacific ocean.
The US Geological Survey estimated the eruption caused the equivalent of a magnitude 5.8 earthquake.

Undersea Volcano:

The undersea volcanic eruption happens in a volcano which is located under the ocean surface.
There are an estimated one million undersea volcanoes, and most of them are located near the tectonic plates.
Apart from lava, these openings also spew out ash.
These deposit on the ocean’s floor and lead to the formation of sea mounds – underwater mountains that are formed on the ocean floor but do not reach the water surface.