Daily Prelims Notes 19 September 2022
- September 19, 2022
- Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team
- Category: DPN
Daily Prelims Notes
19 September 2022
Table Of Contents
- National logistics policy
- Economics of Stockpiling
- Drug control protocol in India
- WTO dispute settlement mechanism
- Market Based Economic Despatch
- Climate Finance
- Xi wants against colour revolution
- Scheme of Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase/Fitting of Aids and Appliances (ADIP Scheme)
- Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY)
- Religious Conversion and Quota benefits
- Ethereum Merge
- Election Commission delists 86 parties
- Sawar, Sawara and Saunra: one and the same tribe now
- Cheetah Conservation Fund
- Wildlife Trust of India (WTI)
Subject : Economy
Context:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Saturday launched the National Logistics Policy (NLP) and the Unified Logistics Interface Platform ULIP
Need?
- To bring down the logistics cost in India which is high compared to other developed economies.
- India spends around 13 to 14 percent of the GDP on logistics costs against 9-10 per cent in the US and Europe and 11 per cent in Japan
- According to the World Bank Logistics Index of 2018, India is ranked 44th in logistics costs.
Key features of the National Logistics Policy 2022:
- Vision- develop a technologically enabled, integrated, cost-efficient, resilient, sustainable and trusted logistics ecosystem in the country for accelerated and inclusive growth.
- Aim- reduce cost of logistics in India to be comparable to global benchmarks by 2030 endeavour to be among top 25 countries by 2030 in the Logistics Performance Index ranking, and create data driven decision support mechanism for an efficient logistics ecosystem.
- The Policy will be implemented through a Comprehensive Logistics Action Plan (CLAP).
- The interventions proposed under the CLAP are divided into eight key action areas:
- Integrated Digital Logistics Systems
- Standardisation of physical assets and benchmarking service quality standards
- Logistics Human Resources Development and Capacity Building
- State Engagement
- EXIM (Export-Import) Logistics
- Service Improvement framework
- Sectoral Plan for Efficient Logistics
- Facilitation of Development of Logistics Parks.
Unified Logistics Interface Platform:
- It intends to create a National Single Window Logistics Portal.
- ULIP will provide real-time monitoring of cargo movement and ensure confidentiality of data with end-to-end encryption. It will also provide for comprehensive reduction in logistic cost.
- It is designed by National Industrial Corridor Development Corporation Limited (NICDC), under the guidance of NITI Aayog.
- Components of ULIP Platform
- Integration with existing data sources of ministries
- Data exchange with private players
- Unified document reference in the supply chain
Subject : Economy
Context:
Accumulating large reserves of forex and food has helped India immensely.
Why stockpiling?
- There has been a consistent monetary policy tightening (rate of interest rise) on the backdrop of rising inflation in developed countries like-USA —leading to large scale dollar flight and depreciation of domestic currency.
- Shortage of dollar and depreciation of domestic currency likely to make import expensive and supply shortages– especially of food and fuel.
Cost of stockpiling:
- In food-cost of holding and maintaining stocks above the operational requirement for the PDS.
- In forex-RBI’s purchase of excess dollars leads in exchange of domestic currency.
- Causes inflation
- If RBI sterilizes this rupee liquidity leads to selling government bonds.
- If the interest payable on these bonds exceeds what the RBI earns from deploying its forex assets in overseas securities and banks, there is a fiscal cost to reserve build-up.
Concept:
Agriculture Supply Chain
- The Government policy of procurement of Food grains has broad objectives of ensuring MSP to the farmers and availability of food grains to the weaker sections at affordable prices.
- Food Corporation of India –FCI, along with other State Agencies undertakes procurement of wheat and paddy under price support scheme .
- Coarse grains are procured by State Government Agencies for Central Pool as per the direction issued by Government of India.
- FCI and the State Government/its agencies ensure that the farmers are not compelled to sell their produce below support price.
- Procurement at MSP is open ended–whatever foodgrains are offered by the farmers, which conforms to the quality specifications prescribed by Government of India, are purchased at MSP by the Government agencies including FCI for central Pool.
- Some States also declare State bonus on wheat and paddy over and above MSP.
- To facilitate procurement of food grains, FCI and various State Agencies in consultation with the State Government establish a large number of purchase centers at various mandis and key points.
- If the farmers get prices better than the support price from other buyers such as traders / millers etc The farmers are free to sell their produce to them.
Centralized and Decentralized procurement systems:
- Centralized (Non-DCP) procurement system:
- The procurement of foodgrains in Central Pool is undertaken either by FCI directly or by State Govt. Agencies (SGA).
- Quantity procured by SGAs is handed over to FCI for storage and subsequent issue against GOI allocations in the same State or movement of surplus stocks to other States.
- The cost of the foodgrains procured by State agencies is reimbursed by FCI.
- Decentralized (DCP) Procurement
- The State Government/ its agencies procure, store and distribute rice /wheat/coarse grains within the state.
- The excess stocks (Rice & wheat) procured by the State /its agencies are handed over to FCI in the Central Pool.
- The expenditure incurred by the State Government on procurement, storage and distribution of DCP stocks are reimbursed by Government of India on the laid down principles.
Food stockpiling:
- Storage plan of FCI is primarily to meet the storage requirement for holding stocks to meet the requirements of Public Distribution System and Other Welfare Schemes undertaken by the Government of India and ensuring food security of the nation.
- Adequate scientific storage is prerequisite to fulfill the policy objectives assigned to the Food Corporation of India for which FCI has a network of strategically located storage depots including silos all over India.
- Besides having its own storage capacity, FCI has hired storage capacities from Central Warehousing Corporation, State Warehousing Corporations, State Agencies and Private Parties for short term as well as for guaranteed period under Private Entrepreneurs Guarantee Scheme.
- New Godowns are being constructed by FCI mainly through Private Participation under Private Entrepreneurs Guarantee Scheme.
Foreign Exchange Reserves stockpiling:
- The legal provisions governing management of foreign exchange reserves are laid down in the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
- It closely monitors the developments in the financial markets at home and abroad and it intervenes in the market by buying or selling foreign currencies.
- The market operations are undertaken either directly or through public sector banks.
- RBI purchases excess dollars in exchange of domestic currency.
- In addition to the traditional instruments like forward and swap contracts, the Reserve Bank has facilitated increased availability of derivative instruments in the foreign exchange market.
- The Reserve Bank of India Act permits the Reserve Bank to invest the reserves in the following types of instruments:
- Deposits with Bank for International Settlements and other central banks
- Deposits with foreign commercial banks
- Debt instruments representing sovereign or sovereign-guaranteed liability of not more than 10 years of residual maturity
- Other instruments and institutions as approved by the Central Board of the Reserve Bank in accordance with the provisions of the Act
- Certain types of derivatives
3. Drug control protocol in India
Subject :Government Schemes
Context:
The Union Health Ministry recently released the new National List of Essential Medicine (NLEM)-2022, revising it after a seven-year period.
Concept:
National List of Essential Medicine (NLEM)-2022:
- It is based on the World Health Organisation’s essential medicine list.
- India’s first list was developed in 1996.
- It has since been modified four times – in 2003, 2011, 2015, and now in 2022.
- It is revised due to the changing profile of diseases in the country, invention of newer drugs, drugs becoming obsolete or being banned for certain risks, and newer treatment protocols.
Importance:
- The list creates a framework for procurement of medicines at government healthcare facilities.
- NLEM marks all drugs as P, S, or T depending on whether they ought to be available at primary, secondary or tertiary healthcare facilities.
- It also helps hospitals create their drug policies such as which medicines to be used.
- Guide safe and effective treatment of priority disease conditions of a population.
- Promote the rational use of medicines.
- It can also be a guiding document for the State governments to prepare their list of essential medicines
Drug control protocol in India:
- The government has the power to control the prices of certain medicines, those needed in public interest, through the Drug Prices Control Order.
- The National List of Essential Medicines forms the primary basis for considering a drug as essential and controlling its prices.
- The National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) is a list released by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, following which the Department of Pharmaceuticals incorporates them into Schedule 1 of DPCO.
- The medicines listed in the NLEM are sold below a price ceiling fixed by the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA).
- NPPA was constituted by the Government of India in 1997 as an attached office of the Department of Pharmaceuticals (DoP), Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers as an independent Regulator for pricing of drugs and to ensure availability and accessibility of medicines at affordable prices.
- It was made to fix/revise prices of controlled bulk drugs and formulations and to enforce price and availability of the medicines in the country, under the Drugs (Prices Control) Order, 1995-2013 (DPCO).
- The prices of medicines under the NLEM cannot be increased by the companies themselves, but every year the prices are increased or decreased as per the Wholesale Price Index.
- Additionally, the prices of drugs other than those included in the NLEM may also be controlled through the DPCO.
- Under the provisions of Drug Prices Control Order, DPCO 2013, only the prices of drugs that figure in the National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) are monitored and controlled by the regulator, the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority.
- Paragraph 19 of the DPCO, 2013, deals with increase or decrease in drug prices under extraordinary circumstances. However, there is neither a precedent nor any formula prescribed for upward revision of ceiling prices
Background:
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4. WTO dispute settlement mechanism
Subject :IR
Context:
The US Trade Representative has convened a meeting of trade ministers of G20 countries in Bali to discuss World Trade Organisation’s (WTO) dispute settlement reforms.
Issue?
US blocked appointments of members in the appellate body (AB).
Concept:
WTO dispute settlement mechanism:
There are two main ways to settle a dispute once a complaint has been filed in the WTO:
- The parties find a mutually agreed solution, particularly during the phase of bilateral consultations; and
- Through adjudication, including the subsequent implementation of the panel and Appellate Body reports, which are binding upon the parties once adopted by the Dispute Settlement Body.
- In the first stage for adjudicating trade disputes, a panel would decide cases brought before it by the members.
- Rulings issued by the panels can be appealed at the Appellate Body.
- The Appellate Body can uphold, modify or reverse the legal findings and conclusions of a panel. The Appellate Body’s decisions are final and adopted within 30 days by the dispute settlement body.
- Sanctions can be imposed on a member in case of its failure to comply with the Appellate Body’s rulings.
There are three main stages to the WTO dispute settlement process:
(i) consultations between the parties;
(ii) adjudication by panels and, if applicable, by the Appellate Body; and
(iii) the implementation of the ruling, which includes the possibility of countermeasures in the event of failure by the losing party to implement the ruling.
WTO’s Appellate Body:
- The Appellate Body, set up in 1995, is a standing committee of seven members that presides over appeals against judgments passed in trade-related disputes brought by WTO members.
- The dispute settlement mechanism requires at least three members to function.
- Countries involved in a dispute over measures purported to break a WTO agreement or obligation can approach the Appellate Body if they feel the report of the panel set up to examine the issue needs to be reviewed on points of law.
- However, existing evidence is not re-examined but legal interpretations are reviewed.
- The Appellate Body can uphold, modify, or reverse the legal findings of the panel that heard the dispute. Countries on either or both sides of the dispute can appeal.
5. Market Based Economic Despatch
Subject : Economy
Context:
Centre-States tussle over a centralised market for electricity
Concept:
Centralised power model/Market-Based Economic Dispatch (MBED)
- Market-Based Economic Dispatch (MBED) aims centralised scheduling for dispatching the entire annual electricity consumption of around 1,400 billion units.
- Thus the power demand by all states is proposed to be met through a central pool allocating power at the optimal price.
- As part of this, an algorithm developed by the National Load Dispatch Centre called the Security Constrained Economic Dispatch (SCED), which is aimed at assisting regulators in making informed calls on scheduling decisions on a nationwide basis.
- MBED aims to establish a uniform pricing framework that prioritizes the least cost and most efficient generators.
- The MBED model is seen as a reduction in relative autonomy of states in managing their electricity sector
- Discoms (distribution companies that are mostly state-owned) entirely dependent on the centralised mandatory market pool requirements.
Electricity sector:
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Subject : Economy
Context:
Only 1.7% of climate finance is going to small farmers who produce 1/3 of the world’s food according to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
Concept:
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
- IFAD is an international financial institution and specialized United Nations agency working in the field of poverty eradication in the rural areas of developing countries providing grants and loans with low interest for allied projects.
- It works with marginalized and vulnerable groups such as farmers with small holdings, foresters, Pastoralists, Fishermen and small scale entrepreneurs by giving them disaster preparedness, access to weather information, technology transfer and social learning.
- It was created in 1977, which is the outcome of the World Food Conference of 1974.
- Headquarters–Rome, Italy
- It has 177 member countries including India.
- Objectives:
- To increase the productive capacity of poor people.
- To increase benefits for them from market participation.
- To strengthen the environmental sustainability & climate resilience of their economic activities.
- Reports–Rural Development Report every year.
Lifestyle for the Environment (LiFE) Movement:
- The campaign was launched with a “call for papers”, inviting ideas and suggestions from academics, universities, and research institutes for promoting an environmentally conscious lifestyle.
- The idea of LiFE was introduced by the Prime Minister during the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26) in Glasgow last year.
- It aims to persuade individuals across the world to undertake simple climate-friendly actions in their daily lives or adoption of environment-conscious lifestyle
- The Mission plans to create and nurture a global network of individuals, namely ‘Pro-Planet People’ (P3)
- P3 will have a shared commitment to adopt and promote environmentally friendly lifestyles.
7. Xi wants against colour revolution
Subject: IR
Context: Chinese President Xi Jinping on Friday (September 16) appealed to Russia, India, and other members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) to cooperate with each other in order to prevent foreign powers from destabilising their countries by inciting “colour revolutions”.
Colour Revolutions:
- Worldwide media use the term colour revolution to describe various protest movements and accompanying attempted or successful change of governments that took place in several countries of the former Soviet Union, the former Yugoslavia and People’s Republic of China during the early 21st century.
- The term has also been more widely applied to several other revolutions elsewhere, including in the Middle East and the Asia-Pacific region and South America, dating from the late 1980s to the 2020s.
- Some of these movements have had a measure of success, for example, the
- Federal Republic of Yugoslavia’s Bulldozer Revolution (2000),
- Georgia’s Rose Revolution (2003)
- Ukraine’s Orange Revolution (2004)
- Kyrgyzstan’s Tulip Revolution (2005)
- Lebanon’s Cedar Revolution (2005)
- Kuwait’s Blue Revolution (2005)
- Coconut Revolution: In 2019, citizens of Bougainville voted for independence from Papua New Guinea.
- Velvet Revolution: In 1989, a peaceful demonstration by students and contributed to the collapse of the communist government in Czechoslovakia.
- Saffron Revolution: In Myanmar a series of anti-government protests were referred to in the press as the Saffron Revolution after Buddhist monks took the vanguard of the protests previous, student-led revolution, the 8888 Uprising on 8 August 1988, had similarities to the colour revolutions but was violently repressed.
Subject : Govt Schemes
Concept:
- The ADIP Scheme has been in operation since 1981.
- Under the Scheme, grants-in-aid are released to various implementing agencies (Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India (ALIMCO)/National Institutes/Composite Regional Centres/District Disability Rehabilitation Centres/ State Handicapped Development Corporations/ NGOs, etc.) for purchase and distribution of aids and assistive devices.
Objective
- To assist the needy disabled persons in procuring standard aids and appliances that can promote their physical, social and psychological rehabilitation by reducing the effects of disabilities and enhance their economic potential.
- To improve their independent functioning and to arrest the extent of disability and occurrence of secondary disability. The aids and appliances supplied under the Scheme must have due certification.
- The scheme also envisages conduct of corrective surgeries, wherever required, before providing an assistive device.
9. Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY)
Subject :Govt Schemes
Concept:
Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY) is a scheme for providing Physical Aids and Assisted-living Devices for Senior citizens belonging to BPL category.
Implementing agency:
- This is a Central Sector Scheme, fully funded by the Central Government.
- The expenditure is met from the “Senior Citizens’ Welfare Fund”.
- The Scheme is implemented through Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation (ALIMCO), a PSU under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
Beneficiary:
- The physical aids will be provided only to the senior citizens of the nation. This implies those who are aged above 60 years will get free assisted living aids and physical devices which are required for their sustainability.
- They must belong to BPL family and should hold valid BPL card issued by the concerned authority.
Salient features of the scheme
- Free of cost distribution of the devices, commensurate with the extent of disability/infirmity that is manifested among the eligible senior citizens.
- In case of multiple disabilities/infirmities manifested in the same person, the assistive devices will be given in respect of each disability/impairment.
- Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation (ALIMCO) will undertake one year free maintenance of the aids & assisted living devices.
- Beneficiaries in each district will be identified by the State Governments/UT Administrations through a Committee chaired by the Deputy Commissioner/District Collector.
- As far as possible, 30% of the beneficiaries in each district shall be women.
- The State Government/UT Administration/District Level Committee can also utilize the data of BPL beneficiaries receiving Old Age Pension under the NSAP or any other Scheme of the State/UT for identification of senior citizens belonging to BPL category.
- The devices will be distributed in Camp mode.
Eligibility:
- Senior Citizens, belonging to BPL category and suffering from any of the age related disability/infirmity viz. Low vision, Hearing impairment, Loss of teeth and Locomotor disability will be provided with such assisted-living devices which can restore near normalcy in their bodily functions, overcoming the disability/infirmity manifested. The Scheme is expected to benefit all Senior Citizens across the country.
DEVICES SUPPORTED
- Walking sticks
- Elbow crutches
- Walkers/Crutches
- Tripods/Quadpods
- Hearing Aids
- Wheelchair
- Artificial Dentures
- Spectacles
10. Religious Conversion and Quota benefits
Subject: Polity
Context: Union Government is all set to constitute a national commission to study the social, economic and educational status of members of Scheduled Castes, or Dalits, who converted to religions other than Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism.
Concept :
- The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, lays down that no person professing a religion different from the Hindu or Sikh or Buddhist religion can be deemed to be a member of an SC.
- However, this provision has been amended several times.
- The original order under which only Hindus were classified as SCs, was amended to include Sikhs in 1956, and Buddhists in 1990.
- There is a 15 per cent quota for SCs in government jobs.
- The issue is limited to Dalits since there is no religion-specific mandate for STs andthe OBCs.
Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT), site lays down the position on SC status and conversions:
- A person shall be held to be a member of an SC or ST if he belongs to a caste, or a tribe which has been declared as such.
- No person who professes a religion different from the Hindu or the Sikh religion shall be deemed to be a member of the SCs.
- Further a person belonging to a SC or ST will continue to be deemed as such irrespective of his/her marriage to a non-Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe.
- However, a convert or re-convert to Hinduism and Sikhism shall be accepted as a member of SC if he has been received back and accepted as a member of the concerned SC.
- No such religion-based bar, however, operates for STs and Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
- The rights of a person belonging to a Scheduled Tribe are independent of his/her religious faith.
Subject : Science & Tech
Context : Ethereum has undergone a technical upgrade and this upgrade is called the ‘Merge’.
Concept :
- Ethereum, the world’s second most valuable crypto currency, has completed a significant software overhaul which promises to ramp up security of the crypto currency while claiming to cut down on its carbon footprint.
- Ethereum has changed its algorithm from the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus method of setting transactions to the Proof-of-Stake (PoS)
- Ethereum is introducing a new programming language that will help developers build more robust decentralized applications.
Proof of Work & Proof of Stake
- PoW algorithms are used in most block chains. PoW is a system of distributed consensus that relies on computing power to prove that someone has put in the required amount of work to create a valid block proportional to their influence on the network. These algorithms create a trust less system, trust the system and not one person or one organization.
- PoS is a type of consensus mechanism used to validate crypto currency transactions through randomly selected validators. With this system, owners of the crypto currency can stake their coins, which gives them the right to check new blocks of transactions and add them to the block chain. This is known as concept of staking.
About Ethereum:
- Launched in 2014 second-largest cryptocurrency in the world
- Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source block chain. Ether is the native crypto currency of the platform.
- Ethereum was conceived in 2013 by programmer VitalikButerin.
- Ethereum today has the highest adoption among developers and it is the primary infrastructure layer of Web3.
Advantages:
Sustainability
- Ethereum’s energy consumption will be reduced by ~99.95% following the merge from proof-of-work (PoW) to proof-of-stake (PoS). After the merge, Ethereum will generate dramatically less carbon.
Yield:
After the merge has occurred, Ethereum will generate a yield of approximately 4% to 6% on an annual basis if the holder stakes its Ethereum on the network. By staking Ethereum, the network grows and becomes more secure because the proof-of-stake model rewards honest validators whilst punishing dishonest validators and their delegators.
What’s next for Ethereum?
Post ‘The Merge’, the network will undergo further upgrades which he called the “surge,” “verge,” “purge,” and “splurge”.
Surge: This refers to the addition of Ethereum sharding, which promises to process transactions on the network much faster than now. Sharding basically means dividing transactions across several different chains in a way that will decrease fees and speed up transactions
Verge: The verge will implement what Buterin called “Verkle trees” and “stateless clients,” which will allow users on the network to become validators without having to store extensive amounts of data on their machines.
Purge: As the name suggests, this step will involve purging old network history. The purge: trying to actually cut down the amount of space you have to have on your hard drive, trying to simplify the Ethereum protocol over time and not requiring nodes to store history.
12. Election Commission delists 86 parties
Subject : Polity
Context: The Election Commission of India has delisted 86 non-existent Registered Unrecognized Political Parties (RUPP).
Concept :
- The EC has been on a mission to clean up the list of registered unrecognized political parties, deleting 284 since May this year.
- 86 RUPPs have been found to be non-existent either after a physical verification carried out by the Chief Electoral Officers of concerned States/UTs or based on a report of undelivered letters/notices from Postal Authority sent to the registered address of concerned RUPP.
- Election commission can delist a party under article 324 of constitution of India with respect to its superintendence power.
- As per Section 29A of the Representation of People Act 1951, every political party has to communicate any change in its name, head office, office bearers, address, PAN to the Commission without delay.
- Additionally, they would not be entitled to have benefits under the Symbols Order, 1968.
Registered Unrecognised Political Parties (RUPP):
- Either newly registered parties or those which have not secured enough percentage of votes in the assembly or general elections to become a state party, or those which have never contested elections since being registered are considered unrecognised parties.
- Such parties don’t enjoy all the benefits extended to the recognised parties.
Symbol Allocation:
- Common symbols are provided to RUPP under Symbols Order, 1968.
- Privilege of a common symbol is given to RUPP based upon an undertaking for putting up at least 5% of total candidates with regard to said legislative assembly election of a State.
- Possibility of such parties occupying the available pre-election political space by taking benefits of admissible entitlements without contesting elections cannot be ruled out.
- This also tends to crowd out the political parties actually contesting elections and also creating confusing situations for the voters.
13. Sawar, Sawara and Saunra: one and the same tribe now
Subject : Social Issue
Context : Last week, the Union Cabinet approved the inclusion of spelling variations for 11 tribes on the list of Scheduled Tribes of Chhattisgarh and ‘Sawar’ or ‘Sawara’ was one of those.
Concept:
- Article 342(1) and (2) provides, as in the case of STs, that there will be a Presidential list issued first in consultation with the governor of the state and any subsequent change in the list can be made only by parliamentary law.
Procedure –
- If this bill goes through, inclusion or exclusion of any caste subsequent to the initial press notification can be done only by an act of Parliament as in the case of SC and ST. In the case of SCs the criteria is untouchability.
- In the case of STs, the community must be shown to be a tribe which is isolated, and lives in vulnerable conditions. Primitiveness, geographical isolation, shyness and social, educational & economic backwardness are the traits that distinguish Scheduled Tribe communities from other communities. This has to be proved anthropologically.
- However, the Constitution is silent about the criteria for specification of a community as a scheduled tribe.
- This is ensured by the long established process of referring every proposal for inclusion in the SC and ST list to the Registered General of India (RGI) that has an expert anthropological wing.
- Following this, the government moves a bill in the Parliament.
Subject :Environment
- The Cheetah Conservation Fund is an international non-profit organization headquartered in Namibia, Africa. CCF has operations in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia, with partner organizations in several other nations.
- It is concerned with the study and sustenance of the country’s cheetah population, the largest and healthiest in the world. Its Research and Education Centre is located 44 kilometres (27 mi) east of Otjiwarongo.
- The CCF was founded in 1990 by conservation biologist Laurie Marker who won the 2010 Tyler Prize for her efforts in Namibia.
15. Wildlife Trust of India (WTI)
Subject: Environment
- Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) was formed in 1998 in response to the many crises confronting India’s wildlife and wild habitats.
- It is an Indian nature conservation organisation
- WTI is a registered charity in India (under Section 12A of the Income Tax Act, 1961).