Daily Prelims Notes 7 September 2023

Daily Prelims Notes

7 September 2023

Table Of Contents

1. Botanical Survey of India gets patent for bamboo based reusable straw
2. The Underappreciated Benefits of Wild Bees
3. Bizarre’ bird-like dinosaur has scientists enthralled
4. After large rainfall deficit in August, how India’s reservoir levels are falling considerably
5. Ready to grow roots: Saplings from 17 countries await G20 leaders
6. India looks to invite quad leader for Republic Day
7. East Asia Summit
8. Finally, physicists have a way to ‘see’ inside short-lived nuclei
9. India needs innovation in cell chemistry to leapfrog in the battery race
10. How unemployment is measured

1. Botanical Survey of India gets patent for bamboo based reusable straw

Subject: Environment

Section: Species in news

Context:

• The patent office of Government of India has granted a patent to Botanical Survey of India for ‘reusable straw and its manufacturing’.

Details of Bamboo straw:

• The reusable straw is developed from a species of endemic bamboo plant.
• Bamboo species: Schizostachyum andamanicum
• Found in the Andamans and Nicobar Islands, three decades ago.
• Work on the bamboo straw started at Dhanikhari Experimental Garden-cum-Arboretum, at the BSI Regional Centre in 2011.
  • Patent has been granted in 2023.

What makes this bamboo species suitable for making straw?

• This species of bamboo is characterized by a thin large hollow erect culm (stem) with long internodes and has potential for developing into a straw.
• The morpho-anatomical structure of culm internodes of the endemic bamboo were identical to modern synthetic drinking straws which led to the idea for this novel invention.
• The germplasm of the bamboo species is only found in some forested areas of Andamans and large-scale production of the straw will be dependent on commercial cultivation of the species.

Benefit:

• It will boost the economic potential of these bamboo plants.
• Replace plastic straws with an organic alternative.
• Enhance the economy of farmers and bamboo growers of the island.
• Helps in curbing the plastic pollution.

Botanical Survey of India (BSI):

• Botanical Survey of India (BSI) located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
• It was founded on 13 February 1890, is Government of India Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change’s organization for survey, research and conservation of plant wealth of India, flora and endangered species of India, including by collecting and maintaining germplasm and gene bank of endangered, patent and vulnerable plant species.

2. The Underappreciated Benefits of Wild Bees

Subject: Environment

Section: Species in news

Context:

• A species of plasterer bee in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, not seen in 50 years and suspected to have gone extinct, was found again.

Native bees are crucial as:

• They are an important pollinators
• Their presence is crucial for various agricultural crops.
• Native bees are essential to flourishing ecosystems and farms.
• Domestic honey bee colonies are vulnerable to collapse due to a combination of poor nutrition, pesticides and pathogens.
• Loss of pollinators could lead to lower availability of crops and wild plants that provide essential micronutrients for human diets, impacting health and nutritional security and risking increased numbers of people suffering from vitamin A, iron and folate deficiency.

Benefits of Wild Bees:

• There are about 20,000 wild bee species globally.
• Wild species are solitary (bumblebees, which form colonies, are one well-known exception), nesting in cavities in rocks and wood or on the ground in leaves and woody debris.
• More than 80% of flowering plants depend on insect pollinators to reproduce.
• In a 2013 study covering 27 types of crops it was found that the wild insects increased the rate at which flowers turn to fruit.
• In a study in 2020 it is found that, for seven crops, including apples and pumpkins, wild bees were responsible for over $1.5 billion in annual production.
• The wild insects land on flowers and isolate their flight muscles from their wings, allowing the muscles to vibrate their thorax as their wings stay still, making them by far the most effective pollinators for these plants.
• They provide high-quality food—honey, royal jelly and pollen — and other products such as beeswax, propolis and honey bee venom.

Declining Bee species:

• The number of bee species documented in a yearly survey from 2006 to 2015 had dropped by a fourth compared to similar tallies before 1990.
• Some causes for their decline are:
  • Habitat loss
  • Disease and pesticides
  • Climate change
  • Forest fires
  • Invasive Alien Species
  • Competition for food: Dense herds of cattle can graze away food for native bees.
  • Monocuture: In large fields concentrated with one fruit or vegetable, natural habitat tends to be minimal, and pesticide use maximal, leaving less food for insects while degrading their health.
  • Public land management

Waggle Dance:

• Waggle dance is a term used in beekeeping and ethology for a particular figure-eight dance of the honey bee.
• By performing this dance, successful foragers can share information about the direction and distance to patches of flowers yielding nectar and pollen, to water sources, or to new nest-site locations with other members of the colony.
• The waggle dance and the round dance are two forms of dance behaviour that are part of a continuous transition.
  • As the distance between the resource and the hive increases, the round dance transforms into variations of a transitional dance, which, when communicating resources at even greater distances, becomes the waggle dance.

• The image presents the waggle dance – the direction the bee moves in relation to the hive indicates direction; if it moves vertically the direction to the source is directly towards the Sun. The duration of the waggle part of the dance signifies the distance.

Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD):

• Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is an abnormal phenomenon that occurs when the majority of worker bees in a honey bee colony disappear, leaving behind a queen, plenty of food, and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees.
• Several possible causes for CCD have been proposed, but no single proposal has gained widespread acceptance among the scientific community.
• Suggested causes include:
  • Pesticides;
  • Infections with various pathogens especially those transmitted by Varroa and Acarapis mites;
  • Malnutrition;
  • Genetic factors;
  • Immunodeficiencies;
  • Loss of habitat;
  • Changing beekeeping practices; or a combination of factors.
• A large amount of speculation has surrounded the contributions of the neonicotinoid family of pesticides to CCD, but many collapsing apiaries show no trace of neonicotinoids.

3. Bizarre’ bird-like dinosaur has scientists enthralled

Subject: Environment

Section: Species in news

Context:

• Scientists said on September 6 they unearthed in Fujian Province the fossil of a Jurassic Period dinosaur they named Fujianvenator prodigiosus – a creature that sheds light on a critical evolutionary stage in the origin of birds.

Details:

• A pheasant-sized and bird-like dinosaur with elongated legs and arms (like wings) inhabited southern China about 140-150 million years ago. The anatomy indicated that it either was a fast runner or a wader (shorebird) bird.
• Around 150 million years ago in Germany, the oldest known bird Archaeopteryx- a crow-sized bird with teeth, a long bony tail, and no beak- rose from a lineage in late Jurassic period, of small feathered two-legged dinosaurs known as Theropods.
• Birds survived the asteroid strike 66 million years ago that doomed their non-avian dinosaur comrades.

Fujianventor prodigiosus:

• Member of a grouping called avialans that includes all birds and their closest non-avian dinosaur relatives.
• The fossil is fairly complete but lacks the animal’s skull and parts of its feet, making it hard to interpret its diet and lifestyle.
• Fujianvenator’s lower leg bone – the tibia – was twice as long as its thigh bone – the femur. Such dimensions are unique among theropods; it also had a long bony tail.
• The forelimb is built like a bird’s wing, but with three claws on the fingers, which are absent from modern birds. So it can be called a wing but it is impossible to determine whether it could fly or not.

4. After large rainfall deficit in August, how India’s reservoir levels are falling considerably

Subject: Geography

Section: Physical Geography

Context:

• The cumulative amount of water in the 150 large and important reservoirs fell below the normal level in August — the first time this has happened since the beginning of the current southwest monsoon season.

Details:

• The latest data from the Central Water Commission (CWC) show that these 150 reservoirs across the country had about 113 billion cubic metres (BCM) of water, which was about 10% below the normal– or average of the last 10 years- storage at this time of the year.
• Biggest deficit is in the reservoirs of southern states, reduced to 49% of their original capacity.
• August is generally the rainiest month after July. Reservoir level should go up during August month.
• August 2023 was the driest August in the more than 120 years.
  • August produced only about 162 mm of rain in the country as a whole, instead of the almost 255 mm that is expected, a deficiency of 36%.

Consequences of rainfall deficit:

• Unexpected increase in power demand mainly for irrigation activities.
• The share of coal in India’s total power generation increased to 66.7% in August, the highest for the month in six years.

Significance of these reservoirs:

• Since the bulk of India’s annual rainfall- nearly 75%– comes during the four-month southwest monsoon season, these reservoirs are a crucial source of water supply for the rest of the year, catering not just to households and industrial uses, but also for power generation.

Regional analysis:

• Central India had a rainfall deficiency of 47%.
• South India had a 60% deficit.
• The East and Northeastern region was the only one that received normal rainfall and the only region where water levels in the reservoirs did not show a declining trend in August.

To know about El-Nino event and its impact on rainfall in India Visit: https://optimizeias.com/el-nino/

5. Ready to grow roots: Saplings from 17 countries await G20 leaders

Subject: Environment

Section: Species in news

Context:

• India has imported saplings from at least 17 countries, which are to be planted by visiting G20 leaders in the national capital on occasion of the summit this weekend.

Details:

• The saplings of native plants have been imported from 10 G20 member countries and seven other countries.
• These saplings have been imported over the past two months and have now been kept at a post-entry quarantine facility at ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Pusa, New Delhi.
• Saplings identified and selected by: Ministry of Agriculture
• It is suggested that the imported plant should have some religious, cultural or national significance in the source country.
• Among the G20 member countries:
  • Silver Tree (Neolitsea sericea) from South Korea;
  • Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) from Saudi Arabia;
  • Olive (Olea europaca) from Italy and Turkey;
  • Real Yellowwood (Podocarpus latifolius) from South Africa;
  • Winterlinde (Tilia Cordata) from Germany;
  • Cockspur Coral (Erythrina crysta-galli) from Argentina;
  • Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora) from China and Japan; and
  • Golden Wattle (Acacia pycnantha) and Northern Black Wattle (Acacia auriculiformis) from Australia.

• Among the invitee countries:
  • Ghaf tree (Prosopis cineraria) from the UAE;
  • Frankincense (Boswellia sacra) from Oman;
  • Frangipani (Plumeria obtusa) from Mauritius;
  • Mango tree (Mangifera indica) from Bangladesh;
  • African Mahogany (Khaya senegalensis) from Nigeria;
  • Doum/Date Palm (Hyphaene thebaica/ Phoenix dactylifera) from Egypt; and
  • Olive tree from Spain.

• For the remaining leaders, the plants have been sourced locally.
  • Sycamore/Chinar (Platanus ori-entalis) plant has been sourced locally for the French President;
  • Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) for Russia’s representative;
  • Queen’s Crepe-myrtle (Lagerstroemia speciosa) for the US President;
  • Weeping Willow (Salix baby-lonica) for the UK Prime Minister;
  • Arjun (Terminalia ar-juna) for Canada;
  • Teak tree (Tectona Grandis) for Indonesia; and
  • Fern tree (Jacaranda mi-mosifolia) for Brazil.
  • Banyan tree saplings have been sourced locally for Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
• For the international organisations:
  • Saplings of Peepal tree (Ficus religiosa) has been sourced locally for the United Nations and
  • Parijat (Nyctanthes arbortristis) for the International Monetary Fund and World Bank.

Ghaf tree from UAE:

• Ghaf was declared UAE’s national tree in 2008.
• The Ghaf is a drought-tolerant tree, which can remain green even in harsh desert environments.
• It is essential for the survival of animal and plant species alike.
• Ghaf trees can live for up to 120 years on average.
• A well-known example of the Ghaf is the 400-year-old ‘Tree of Life’ in Bahrain, which is still growing in the desert without any obvious sources of water.
• It is learnt that six mango plants –Amrapali and Langra varieties – have also been imported from Bangladesh.

6. India looks to invite quad leader for Republic Day

Subject: International Relations

Section: Msc

Context: The government is considering inviting leaders of the Quad grouping for the Republic Day celebrations next year.

How India choose its Chief Guest:

• The government extends its invitation to a Head of State or Government after careful consideration.
• This process commences almost six months ahead of Republic Day. The MEA considers a number of issues, the most important of which is the nature of India’s relationship with the country concerned.
• Other factors include political, economic, and commercial relations, the neighbourhood, military cooperation, prominence in regional groupings, or past association in the Non Aligned Movement.
• The MEA, after deliberations, seeks the Prime Minister’s approval, after which the clearance of Rashtrapati Bhavan is sought.
• Thereafter, India’s ambassadors in the concerned countries try to ascertain discreetly the potential Chief Guests’ programme and availability for Republic Day.
• Once this laborious process has been completed, the territorial divisions in the MEA work towards meaningful talks and agreements, while the Chief of Protocol works on the details of the programme and logistics.

Why is the invitation for Republic Day a special honour:

• While the visit of the Chief Guest at the Republic Day parade is similar to a State visit by any foreign high dignitary, given the ceremony involved, it is the highest honour that India accords to a guest in protocol terms.
• The Chief Guest is given the ceremonial guard of honour at Rashtrapati Bhavan, he attends the reception in the evening hosted by the President of India, he lays a wreath at Rajghat, there is a banquet in his honour, a lunch hosted by the Prime Minister, and calls by the Vice-President and the External Affairs Minister.

Some facts about Republic Day Chief Guest:

• President of Indonesia Sukarno was the first chief guest of the Republic Day Parade in 1950.
• Rajpath became the permanent venue for the parade on 26th January in 1955. Rajpath was known by the name ‘Kingsway’
• The Beating Retreat ceremony, which takes place at Vijay Chowk in New Delhi on January 29 every year, traces its origin to a tradition from the 1600s. This tradition to announce the return of the troops began when King James II ordered his troops to beat drums, lower flags and organize a parade to declare the end of a day of combat.
• The first foreign military contingent, French Army soldiers, took part in the Republic day Parade in 2018.
• Republic Day Chief Guest List:

7. East Asia Summit

Subject: International Relations

Section: Groupings

Context: Prime Minister arrives in Indonesia to attend the 18th East-Asia Summit.

Some facts about the East Asia Summit:

• The East Asia Summit (EAS) is the Indo-Pacific’s premier forum for strategic dialogue.
• It is the only leader-led forum at which all key Indo-Pacific partners meet to discuss political, security and economic challenges facing the region, and has an important role to play in advancing closer regional cooperation.
• The concept of East Asia Grouping was first promoted in 1991 by the then Malaysian Prime Minister, Mahathir bin Mohamad. 
• The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on 14 December 2005.
• The EAS has 18 members – the ten ASEAN countries i.e Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam along with Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, the Republic of Korea, Russia and the United States.
• ASEAN leads the forum, and the chair position rotates between ASEAN Member States annually. 

Some facts about ASEAN:

• ASEAN is a political and economic organization aimed primarily at promoting economic growth and regional stability among its members.
• It was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the founding fathers of ASEAN: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. 
• Current members of ASEAN are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
• The motto of ASEAN is “One Vision, One Identity, One Community”.
• The ASEAN Secretariat is located in Jakarta, Indonesia.

How did ASEAN originate and evolve:

• Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), 1961: It was formed by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand to promote economic, cultural, and social cooperation.
• Bangkok Declaration, 1967: It formally established the ASEAN.
• First ASEAN Summit, 1976: In the summit, member countries pledged to work towards regional peace and stability.
• Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC), 1976: It established a framework for peaceful relations and cooperation among member states.
• ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), 1992: It aimed to create a free trade area among member countries.
• ASEAN Charter, 2008: It provides a legal framework for the organization and strengthens its institutional structure.
• ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), 2015: It aimed to integrate the economies of member countries and promote regional economic growth.
• ASEAN joins Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP), 2020:  ASEAN members join RCEP, a free trade agreement.

8. Finally, physicists have a way to ‘see’ inside short-lived nuclei

Subject: Science and technology

Section: Msc

Introduction

• Physicists in Japan have made a significant breakthrough by developing a novel technique that allows them to “see” inside short-lived atomic nuclei, addressing a long-standing problem in nuclear physics.
• This development utilizes electron scattering and a sophisticated apparatus known as SCRIT (Self-Confining Radioactive-isotope Ion Target).

Early Efforts in Nuclear Exploration

• In the 19th century, scientists like Ernest Rutherford, Hans Geiger, and Ernest Marsden conducted experiments with radiation and gold foil, leading to the discovery of the dense central core in atoms containing mass and positive charge.
• Seven decades ago, Robert Hofstadter’s team used high-energy electrons to probe atomic nuclei, shedding light on charge and magnetic field arrangements within nuclei.
• These earlier experiments focused on stable atoms and their nuclei, utilizing other particles to delve inside them.

The RIKEN Nishina Center Breakthrough

• Researchers at the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science in Japan have now succeeded in using electron scattering to explore unstable nuclei, including those not found naturally.
• Their novel approach involves the utilization of SCRIT, an apparatus that can hold caesium-137 nuclei and facilitate electron interactions, thus allowing the exploration of short-lived nuclei.

The Advantages of SCRIT

• The SCRIT system involves accelerating electrons in a particle accelerator and colliding them with a block of uranium carbide, generating a stream of caesium-137 ions.
• SCRIT employs electric attractive forces to trap target ions along the electron beam in three dimensions, ensuring a high probability of electron-ion collisions.
• This setup minimizes the number of required caesium-137 ions, reducing the need for a vast quantity, which would otherwise be necessary.

Quantum Mechanics in Action

• The electron-ion interaction is studied by using a magnetic spectrometer to record interference patterns generated when scattered electrons behave like waves.
• Interactions involving electrons are advantageous because they are more predictable and well-understood, simplifying data analysis.
• Fine-tuning electron energy allows researchers to avoid complex particle interactions, enhancing the clarity of results.

Probing Nuclear Structure

• The RIKEN setup involves producing ions, transferring them to SCRIT, and subsequently colliding them with accelerated electrons.
• Magnetic spectrometer readings confirmed that the internal structure of a caesium-137 nucleus aligns with previous studies and theoretical calculations.

The Emergence of the Femtoscope

• The RIKEN team’s accomplishment can be likened to the development of a “femtoscope“, a tool capable of probing the femtometer scale of atomic nuclei (10^-15 meters).
• This innovation is significant as it aids physicists in addressing the persistent challenge of elucidating the structure of atomic nuclei, for which no unified theory exists.

Exploring Nuclear Quirks

• Over time, physicists have encountered various nuclear properties, such as the “island of stability”, where certain isotopes defy the usual trend of decay rate increasing with nucleus heaviness.
• The “island of stability” is characterized by a clustering of nuclei with a proton number of 112, known as the “magic number“.
• The existence of such islands remains unexplained, and physicists hope that the femtoscope technology can help bridge the gap between expected and unexpected nuclear shapes.
• Unstable nuclei with non-uniform densities of protons and neutrons may offer valuable insights into nuclear structure through femtoscope exploration.

Key Terms:

1. Atomic Nucleus: The central core of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons, where most of the atom’s mass and positive charge are concentrated.
2. Electron Scattering: A technique in which high-energy electrons are directed at a target, and the scattering of these electrons provides information about the internal structure of the target.
3. Particle Accelerator: A device used to accelerate charged particles, such as electrons or protons, to high energies for various scientific and practical applications.
4. Femtoscope: A specialized instrument designed to probe the femtometer scale (10^-15 meters) of atomic nuclei, allowing for the exploration of nuclear structures.

9. India needs innovation in cell chemistry to leapfrog in the battery race

Subject: Science and technology

Section: Msc

Introduction

• India has made significant progress in electric vehicle (EV) battery research, particularly in the field of cathode chemistry.
• The collaboration between Altmin and the International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials highlights the potential for innovation in this sector.
• The battery research journey, which began with lead-acid batteries, is a continuous process aimed at improving energy density, power density, safety, and cycle life.

Cathode Chemistry and Battery Evolution

• Altmin’s Collaboration:
  • To manufacture cathode active material for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), specifically lithium iron phosphate (LFP).
• Chemistry Trade-offs:
  • Different LIB chemistries offer varying energy densities, power densities, cycle lives, and safety performance.
  • For instance, LFP is safer but has lower energy density compared to lithium nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) chemistry.
• Nickel-Dominant Chemistry:
  • Nickel-dominant battery chemistries are favored for high-performance and long-range vehicles due to their higher energy density. However, they come with thermal risks and toxic materials.

Opportunity for India

• LFP Chemistry in India: 
  • LFP chemistry is preferable for India, given its high ambient temperatures and the advantages of safety and longer battery life.
  • India’s rich reserves of iron and phosphate reduce dependence on imports.
• Sodium-Ion Batteries (SIB): 
  • Sodium-ion batteries are emerging as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries. 
  • Although SIBs currently have lower energy density, they are cost-effective due to abundant sodium resources, reducing supply chain challenges.
  • SIBs use aluminum as current collectors in place of copper.
  • The cathode composition also does not have cobalt, which is difficult to obtain (mined mainly in the Democratic Republic of Congo)
• Solid-State Batteries (SSB): 
  • SSBs are revolutionary because they eliminate liquid electrolytes, reducing weight and enhancing energy density.
  • They are safer and do not leak toxic electrolytes.
• SIB Development: 
  • Start-ups like Indi Energy and Sodion in India have commercialized SIB technology successfully, highlighting its potential.
• Global Battery Evolution: 
  • The global EV industry is rapidly transitioning to newer battery technologies like SIB and SSB. 
  • India has a chance to leapfrog in the battery race by focusing on these innovations.
• Corporate Interest:
  • Indian companies, like Reliance Industries’ acquisition of Faradion, a UK-based SIB specialist, indicate that the private sector is closely monitoring battery R&D breakthroughs.

Government Support

• Government Research Initiatives: 
  • Various government institutions in India, such as Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre and the Department of Science and Technology, possess battery expertise.
  • The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology has established pilot plants for battery manufacturing.
• Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) PLI Scheme: 
  • The government has allocated Rs 18,100 crore under the ACC PLI scheme to promote battery manufacturing.
• Lack of Research Funding: 
  • Despite these efforts, there is a gap in government-sponsored research in EV battery technology, particularly for emerging technologies like SIB and SSB.

EV batteries Comparision:

10. How unemployment is measured

Subject :Economy

Section: Employment and inflation

Definitions:

• Labour Force Participation Rate: It is the percentage of people in the labour force (those who are working or seeking or available for work) in the population.
• Worker Population Ratio is the percentage of employed people.
• Unemployment rate shows the percentage of people unemployed among the labour force.
• Unemployed The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines unemployment as being out of a job;being available to take a job; and actively engaged in searching for work. Therefore, an individual who has lost work but does not look for another job is not unemployed.

The PLFS

• The PLFS is an annual survey conducted by the National Statistical Office.
• It was started in 2017 and it essentially maps the state of employment in the country.
• It collects data on several variables such as the level of unemployment, the types of employment and their respective shares, the wages earned from different types of jobs, the number of hours worked etc.
• Earlier this job was done by Employment-Unemployment Surveys, which were conducted once in five years.

Calculation Methods

There are two ways and they differ in terms of the reference period.

1. The Usual Status (US)

• The survey ascertains whether a person had been employed for enough days in 365 days preceding the survey.
• The Usual Status is the only one that is showing a reversal in the unemployment trend
• The NSO unemployment number most routinely quoted is the one based on Usual Status.

2. The Current Weekly Status (CWS)

• The survey tries to figure out whether a person was adequately employed in the seven days preceding the survey.
• But this approach is not comparable with either the global norm (say the one followed by International Labour Organization) or the private sector practice (such as the surveys done by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy or CMIE).
• The CWS is closer to the global norm. The CWS method shows that unemployment didn’t really fall
• The CWS is also more relevant because it is this approach that the NSO uses for understanding quarterly changes in unemployment. So if we start looking at the unemployment rate and LFPR trends compiled using the CWS approach, the emerging picture is more in sync with either the data from CMIE or indeed all the other indicators of the broader.