5 takeaways from higher education survey 21-22

  • February 6, 2024
  • Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team
  • Category: DPN Topics
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5 takeaways from higher education survey 21-22

Subject: Schemes

Section: Education

Context:

  • The Ministry of Education, Government of India releases All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2021-2022 in January 2024.

More on news:

  • The Ministry has been conducting AISHE since 2011 which  covers all Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) in the country registered with AISHE.
  • The report of the All India Survey of Higher Education (AISHE) 2021–22 was made public on January 25 and found that 4.33 crore students are currently enrolled in higher educational institutes up from 4.14 crore in 2020-21, and 3.42 crore in 2014-15.
  • The survey captures total student enrolment in eight different levels: undergraduate, postgraduate, PhD, MPhil, diploma, PG diploma, certificate, and integrated programmes. In all, 10,576 standalone institutions, 42,825 colleges, and 1,162 universities/university level institutions responded to the survey.

Key Findings of the Report:

  • Female enrolment in Higher Education increases to 2.07 crore in 2021-22 from 1.57 crore in 2014-15(an increase of 50 lakh students, 32% increase).
  • GER increases to 28.4 in 2021-22 from 23.7 in 2014-15.
  • Female GER increases to 28.5 in 2021-22 from 22.9 in 2014-15
  • Female GER continues to be more than male GER for fifth consecutive year since 2017-18
  • Significant 44% increase in enrolment of SC students since 2014-15 (66.23 lakh in 2021-22 from 46.07 lakh in 2014-15)
  • Notable increase of 51% in enrolment of Female SC Students in 2021-22 (31.71 lakh), compared to 2014-15(21.02 lakh)
  • Substantial increase of 65.2% in enrolment of ST students in 2021-22(27.1 lakh), compared to 2014-15(16.41 lakh)
  • Remarkable 80% increase in the enrolment of Female ST Students in 2021-22 (13.46 lakh), since 2014-15 (7.47 lakh)
  • Increase of 45% in OBC Student enrolment in 2021-22 (1.63 crore) from 2014-15 (1.13 crore)
  • Significant 49.3% increase in Female OBC Students in 2021-22 (78.19 lakh) since 2014-15 (52.36 lakh).
  • Total Ph.D. enrolment has increased 81.2% in 2021-22 (2.13 lakh) from 2014-15 (1.17 lakh).
  • Female Ph.D. enrolment has doubled in 2021-22(0.99lakh) from 2014-15(0.48 lakh).
  • 42.3 % increase in Female Minority Student enrolment since 2014-15 (15.2 lakh in 2021-22 from 10.7 lakh in 2014-15).
  • 341 Universities/University level institutions have been established since 2014-15.
  • Female faculty/teachers have increased to 6.94 lakh in 2021-22 from 5.69 lakh in 2014-15 (an increase of 1.25 lakh, i.e., 22% since 2014-15).

Five important key takeaways.

Female enrolment greater than male

  • The number of women enrolled in higher educational institutes has steadily increased, the AISHE report showed.
  • From 1.5 crore women enrolled in 2014-15, there has been a jump of 32% to 2.07 crores enrolled in 2021-22.
  • In 2021-22, the total PhD enrolment in the country is 2.12 lakh of which 98,636 are women.
  • Eight years ago, only 47,717 women were enrolled in PhD programmes.
  • The proportion of women enrolled in higher education, compared to men, has also gone up. Of the 91 lakh more students to have joined higher educational institutes in 2021-22 (when compared to 2014-15), 55% were women.
  • The proportion of women is highest at the postgraduate level, where 55.4% students are female.

GER and Gender Parity

  • Gross Enrollment Ratio indicates how many students are part of the higher education system in a given population.
  • The estimated GER for the age group 18-23 years in India is 28.4, the AISHE 2021-22 report said (based on population data from the 2011 census).
  • In terms of state-wise data, Chandigarh, at 64.8%, boasts of the highest GER, followed by Puducherry at 61.5%, Delhi at 49%, and Tamil Nadu at 47%.
  • Another indicator called the Gender Parity Index (GPI) shows the ratio of the female GER to male GER.
  •  A GPI of 1 indicates parity between the two genders where any number between 0 and 1 shows a disparity in favor of males, whereas a GPI greater than 1 indicates a disparity in favor of females.
  • The survey observed that in 26 states and Union Territories, the GER is in favor of women. 
  • At the all-India level GPI is 1.01, and for SC and ST categories the GPI is 1.01 and 0.98 respectively.

Arts over the sciences in graduation, PG

  • The survey showed that the Bachelor of Arts (BA) programme has the highest enrolment, with 1.13 crore students 34.2% of total undergraduate enrolment across India.
  • In all, 3.41 crore students are enrolled in UG programmes.
  • Among disciplines at undergraduate level, in 2021-22, the enrollment is highest in Arts (34.2%), followed by science (14.8%), commerce (13.3%) and engineering and technology (11.8%). BA(Hons) accounts for 20.4 lakh (6.2%), the survey shows.
  • The social science stream has also the highest number of postgraduate students enrolled at 10.8 lakh. 
  • The latest survey shows that the Master of Arts (MA) programme has the highest enrolment, with 20.9 lakh students, which is 40.7% of total postgraduate enrolment.
  • At PhD level, however, social sciences stood at third spot after engineering and science. 
  • While 52,748 are pursuing a PhD in engineering, and 45, 324 in science, 26,057 students are pursuing PhD in the social sciences.

Primacy of government institutions

  • 73.7% of all students attend government universities, which make up only 58.6% of all universities.
  • In the government sector, state public universities have the largest share of enrolment, accounting for around 31% of the total enrolment for universities.
  • Government-owned universities have an enrolment of 71.06 lakh, whereas enrolment in privately managed universities is 25.32 lakh.
  • Even though there are more private universities, students prefer government educational institutions.

Demographics of students graduating

  • During the 2021–22 academic year, 1.07 crore students were estimated to have graduated from undergraduate, graduate, doctorate, master’s, and other diploma/certificate programmes. 
  • Among these 1.07 crore students, 54.6 lakh or roughly 50.8% are women.
  • In 2021-22 around 35% of the students belong to Other Backward Classes (OBC), 13% are from Scheduled Caste (SC) community and 5.7% of the graduates are from Scheduled Tribe (ST) community.
  • The graduation rate in arts and social sciences streams is higher than others.
  • At the UG level, BA degree has been awarded to 24.16 lakh — the highest among all programmes. 
  • Even at PG level, the number of MA graduates are maximum with 7.02 lakh degrees awarded in 2021-22.
  • At PhD level, the highest graduates are in the science stream with 7,408 followed by engineering and technology at 6,270 graduating students.

About AISHE:

  • AISHE was established by the Ministry of HRD for conducting an annual web-based survey, thereby portraying the status of higher education in the country.
  • The survey is conducted for all educational institutions in India on many categories like teachers, student enrolment, programs, examination results, education finance, and infrastructure.
  • This survey is used to make informed policy decisions and research for the development of the education sector.
  • This Report provides key performance indicators on the current status of Higher education in the country.
5 takeaways from higher education survey 21-22 Schemes