Can SMRs help India achieve net zero?

Subject: Science and technology

Section: Nuclear Technology

What are the challenges of decarbonization in the power sector?

Transitioning from fossil fuels to clean energy faces challenges due to existing infrastructures and energy demands.
While solar and wind are essential, their intermittency and energy storage challenges need to be addressed.
Ensuring grid stability, especially during peak demand, requires the integration of reliable power sources.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the demand for critical minerals like lithium, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements needed for clean-energy technologies will increase by up to 3.5x by 2030, posing supply chain challenges.

What is the role of nuclear power in decarbonization?

Nuclear power plants (NPPs) generate 10% of the world’s electricity.
Nuclear power significantly reduces CO2 emissions and provides a continuous electricity supply.
The 24×7 generation capability of nuclear power plants makes them complementary to intermittent renewables.
High-skill job creation and technological advancements are additional benefits of nuclear power.
According to the World Nuclear Association, nuclear power prevented the release of about 1.5 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions in 2020.

What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and how do they differ from conventional Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs)?

SMRs are nuclear reactors with a maximum capacity of 300 MW, designed for modularity and flexibility.
Unlike conventional NPPs, which have larger capacities, SMRs offer enhanced safety, scalability, and ease of deployment.
SMRs often have passive safety features, simplified designs, and reduced potential for radioactive material release.
Their smaller size allows for modular construction and potentially shorter construction timelines.
SMRs can be installed at brownfield sites and repurpose existing infrastructure, reducing land acquisition challenges associated with larger NPPs.
These differences make SMRs particularly suited for supporting grid stability, complementing intermittent renewables, and enhancing energy security.

What are the advantages of SMRs compared to conventional NPPs?

SMRs boast improved safety through innovative design features, leading to a lower likelihood of core damage and contamination.
The reduced amount of spent nuclear fuel generated by SMRs simplifies waste management and reduces long-term storage requirements.
Higher capacity factors and extended operational lifespans enhance their economic viability.
According to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, SMRs can potentially operate for up to 60 years, maintaining high capacity factors.

How can India benefit from deploying SMRs?

SMRs can supplement India’s growing energy demand while reducing carbon emissions.
Repurposing existing thermal power plant sites for SMRs minimizes land usage and accelerates deployment.
Local manufacturing of SMRs can contribute to job creation, technology transfer, and economic growth.
SMRs can contribute to India’s energy mix diversification and help achieve its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) under the Paris Agreement.

What is the importance of efficient regulation for SMRs?

Robust regulations ensure safety, security, and environmental protection.
Collaboration among countries’ regulators and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) ensures global safety standards for SMRs.
Streamline approval timelines and reduce uncertainty for investors.
Create a conducive environment for private sector investment and technology adoption.
An efficient regulatory regime balances safety concerns with encouraging technological innovation and investment.

How can SMRs contribute to India’s energy sector transformation?

SMRs can augment India’s energy mix, helping meet coal-based power generation targets and boosting renewable capacity.
Private sector investments in SMRs can catalyze innovation and attract financing for nuclear expansion.
Collaborative efforts between the public and private sectors can accelerate the transition to cleaner energy sources.
India’s large population and growing energy needs make the development of diverse and reliable energy sources, including SMRs, imperative.

What legal and regulatory changes are required for SMRs in India?

Amending the Atomic Energy Act to accommodate private sector involvement while maintaining governmental control over key aspects is crucial.
Establishing an empowered regulatory board ensures oversight, safety, and adherence to international standards.
Balancing private operations with government supervision safeguards security while promoting growth.
Proper legal frameworks attract private sector investment and foster technology adoption.

How does the India-US ‘123 agreement’ support SMR development?

The agreement’s provisions allow India to strategically manage nuclear fuel and develop reprocessing capabilities under IAEA safeguards.
Collaborative ventures with foreign suppliers can enhance India’s nuclear capabilities and waste management strategies.
International agreements provide avenues for knowledge sharing, technology transfer, and collaborative research.

How can the public perception of nuclear power in India be improved?

The Department of Atomic Energy should engage in proactive public outreach, providing comprehensive information on safety, benefits, and safeguards.
Transparency in communication can dispel misconceptions and build trust in nuclear power.
Public awareness campaigns can educate citizens about the technological advancements and safety measures in modern nuclear power.