Daily Prelims Notes 21 August 2024

Daily Prelims Notes

21 August 2024

Table Of Contents

1. Super Blue Moon on Raksha Bandhan: What is it and how will it be different?
2. ICJ to present ‘advisory opinion’ on global environmental obligations as small island nations raise alarm: What does it mean?
3. Sikkim landslide damages NHPC power project building
4. On the ethanol blending programme
5. Hayflick limit: Why immortality remains out of humans’ reach
6. Rising Deposit Costs and Their Impact on Lenders’ Net Interest Margins
7. Inflation Targeting in India: Risks of Abandoning the Current Regime
8. Jan Poshan Kendras
9. JUICE mission
10. Vaccine-Derived Polio in Meghalaya
11. What must NASA decide to bring Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore home?
12. Can blood tests for cancer save more lives?
13. What is a waterspout, which may have sunk the luxury yacht off Sicily?
14. Who are the Dhangars of Maharashtra and why are they asking for ‘grazing corridors’ in forests?

1. Super Blue Moon on Raksha Bandhan: What is it and how will it be different?

Sub: Sci

Sec: Space sector

Super Blue Moon on Raksha Bandhan:

• On August 19, Raksha Bandhan coincides with a rare “Super Blue Moon,” a combination of a super moon and a blue moon.
• The event is significant as it involves a full moon that is both at perigee (closest point to Earth) and the second full moon in a calendar month.

Super Moon:

• The moon’s orbit around Earth is elliptical, with perigee being the closest point and apogee the farthest.
• A super moon occurs when a full moon is at or near perigee, making it appear larger and brighter.
  • The super moon is approximately 14% bigger and 30% brighter than a regular full moon at apogee, but the size difference may not be noticeable to most people.
• The full moon is opposite the sun and fully illuminated as seen from Earth.

Blue Moon:

• A blue moon is commonly defined as the second full moon in a calendar month, occurring every two to three years.
• Another definition refers to the third full moon in a season with four full moons.
• The August super blue moon is the first of four consecutive super moons in 2024, with the next three in September, October, and November.

Appearance of the Super Blue Moon:

• The Super Blue Moon will not actually appear blue, though atmospheric conditions like smoke or dust can cause a bluish tint.
• The moon may appear more yellow or orange when lower in the sky due to light scattering.

Source: IE

2. ICJ to present ‘advisory opinion’ on global environmental obligations as small island nations raise alarm: What does it mean?

Sub: IR

Sec: Int Body

Context: So far, international commitments to protect the planet from the relentless onslaught of climate change are not subject to any legal binding. However, in consideration of the 62 detailed remarks submitted by nations and transnational organisations, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) will present an ‘advisory opinion’ which can potentially pave the way for the criminalisation of climate inaction in adherence to international law.

In a statement issued on August 16, the ICJ mentioned that it will consider following arguments before delivering its official ruling on the issue on December 2, 2024:

• Obligations of States under international law to ensure the protection of the climate system from anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases for present and future generations.
•  Legal consequences under these obligations for the States
• States, including, in particular, small island developing States, which due to their geographical circumstances and level of development, are specially affected by or are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.
•  Peoples and individuals of the present and future generations affected by the adverse effects of climate change.

Island Nations in an Ocean of Indifference

Island nations, particularly those in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, are at the greatest risk from climate change. These countries often lack political or economic significance on the global stage but face existential threats from rising sea levels and extreme weather events.

Appeal for Advisory Opinion: Many of the 62 nations that requested the ICJ’s advisory opinion are small island states, including countries in Oceania, Micronesia, and the Caribbean, such as Antigua and Barbuda, El Salvador, and Saint Lucia.

India’s Position: Notably, India is not among the 62 signatories, although neighboring countries like Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh are involved.

Historical Context: The Pacific nation of Tuvalu previously made a historic claim against Australia in 2002, supported by Kiribati and the Maldives, highlighting the ongoing struggle of island nations against climate change.

The Fight for Survival

If climate change continues unchecked, nations like Tuvalu could be completely submerged by 2050. The 1991 leadership of Vanuatu in the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) underscores the long-standing advocacy of these vulnerable nations, which led to the inclusion of loss and damage insurance in the UNFCCC agenda.

The ICJ’s forthcoming advisory opinion holds the potential to shape international climate policy and bring attention to the plight of small island nations. While the ruling won’t be legally binding, its implications could pave the way for more stringent climate action and accountability on the global stage.

ICJ

• The International Court of Justice (ICJ), established in 1945 by the UN Charter, is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.
• It settles disputes between states and gives advisory opinions on legal questions referred by the UN General Assembly, Security Council, or specialized agencies.
• Located in The Hague, Netherlands, the ICJ has 15 judges elected to nine-year terms by the UN General Assembly and Security Council. The Court’s rulings are binding, but it lacks enforcement power, relying on the UN Security Council to ensure compliance.

Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

• Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are a group of 38 UN-recognized countries, primarily in the Caribbean, Pacific, and Indian Ocean regions. These nations face unique challenges due to their small size, remote location, limited resources, and vulnerability to climate change, especially sea-level rise and extreme weather events. SIDS economies largely depend on tourism, agriculture, and fisheries, making them susceptible to external shocks.
• The international community, through frameworks like the SAMOA Pathway, supports SIDS in sustainable development, climate resilience, and capacity building. Addressing these challenges is vital for the global commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)

• The Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) is an intergovernmental organization established in 1990 to represent the interests of small island and low-lying coastal countries facing severe environmental and developmental challenges.
• Comprising 39 member states and five observers, AOSIS primarily advocates for global action on climate change, emphasizing the unique vulnerabilities of its members, such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and biodiversity loss.

3. Sikkim landslide damages NHPC power project building

Sub: Geo

Sec: Indian physical geography 

Landslide Impact on NHPC Teesta-V Project:

• On August 20, 2024, a landslide occurred at the site of NHPC’s Teesta-V hydropower station in Gangtok district, Sikkim.
• The landslide damaged six houses and the GIS building of the 510 MW Teesta Stage V project.
• The affected area is near Singtam town.
• The Singtam-Dikchu Road was initially cut off but an alternative route has been cleared.

Teesta-V Project:

• The Teesta V Power Station is one of 24 power stations owned and operated by the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC Ltd.).
• It is located in the state of Sikkim, India, on the Teesta River, which originates from the Cho Lamo glacier above 7,068 metres and flows southward through steep slopes and extremely rugged terrain into the foothills of the Sikkim Himalaya and West Bengal.
• The Teesta-V project was previously damaged by a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) in October 2023, which also caused significant casualties and damage.

About Teesta River:

• It is a tributary of the Jamuna River (Brahmaputra River), flowing through India and Bangladesh.
• Origin:
  • It originates as Chhombo Chhu from a glacial lake Khangchung Chho at an elevation of 5,280 m in the northeastern corner of the state.
    • Teesta Khangse glacier and Chho Lhamo are also considered as the source of Teesta River by many authors.
  • The total length of river is 309 km (192 mi). It drains an area of 12540 km2.
• Course:
  • It flows to the south, cutting a deep gorge through the Siwalik Hills east of Darjiling (West Bengal) and turns southeast to run through the Sivok Khola pass onto the plains of West Bengal.
  • The river continued southward to empty directly into the upper Padma River (Ganga River).
  • About 1787, however, the river changed its course to flow eastward, crossing the Rangpur region of Bangladesh to join the Jamuna River near Chilmari after a total course of about 200 miles (320 km).
• The major tributaries of Teesta river:
  • Left-bank Tributaries: Lachung Chhu, Chakung Chhu, Dik Chhu, Rani Khola, Rangpo Chhu.
  • Right-bank Tributaries: Zemu Chhu, Rangyong Chhu, Rangit River.

4. On the ethanol blending programme

Sub: Schemes

Sec: Env 

Progress Towards Ethanol Blending Targets:

• India aims to blend 20% ethanol with petrol by 2025-26 and is progressing well toward this goal.
• Current blending rates have increased to 13% to 15% from about 8% in 2021.
• Ethanol production capacity has risen significantly, with total capacity reaching 1,380 crore litres by December 2023.

Food vs. Fuel Debate:

• Concerns about food security persist due to increased maize imports and its use in ethanol production, which is partially replacing sugarcane-based ethanol.
• Industry leaders argue that India has ample grain and sugar surpluses, and food security is not at risk.
• The government is encouraged to shift focus to second-generation (2G) and third-generation (3G) ethanol to mitigate food security issues.

Ethanol Production Capacity and Investment:

• To meet the 20% blending target, India needs to produce about 1,000 crore litres of ethanol.
• The sugar industry has invested approximately ₹40,000 crore in expanding production capacity, adding 92 crore litres in just two years.
• The roadmap for achieving ethanol blending targets, prepared by the Niti Aayog, had laid down that the capacity of sugarcane-based distilleries would need to increase from 426 crore litres in 2021 to 760 crore litres in 2026, while grain-based distilleries’ capacity should increase from 258 to 740 crore litres.

Government Measures and Industry Needs:

• Two interest subvention programs have supported the expansion of ethanol production capacity.
• The industry advocates for extending these programs and securing long-term contracts with Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) to ensure supply stability.

Impact of Ethanol Production on Sugar and Maize:

• Sugarcane:
  • Sugarcane gives rise to three main related products — sugarcane juice and syrup, B-heavy molasses and C-heavy molasses, in the order of decreasing sugar content.
  • The first two would typically go to making sugar while the third will be used for ethanol production.
  • In a bid to up fuel ethanol production, the government had started permitting the diversion of the first two away from sugar production to fuel ethanol.
  • Ethanol pricing depends on the sugar content of the input.
  • In 2022-23, 63% of fuel ethanol came from B-heavy molasses and 33% from molasses.
  • In December, 2023, the government restricted the diversion of the first two over fears of falling sugar stocks.
  • Sugarcane production requires substantial water, which may affect other crops.
• Maize:
  • India ranks as a major maize producer globally, but domestic consumption consistently outpaces production.
  • A rapid diversion to ethanol will drive up prices and negatively impact its major uses — the poultry sector by 47%, followed by livestock feed (13%) and starch (14%).
  • At 3 to 4 tonnes per hectare, India’s maize yield is much lower than other countries.
  • While maize production has jumped in the last few years, ministry of commerce data shows that in 2023-24, Indian maize (corn) imports were $39 million.

Ethanol’s Role in Fuel Efficiency:

• Ethanol helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and could save $4 billion in foreign exchange annually.
• Existing vehicles may experience reduced fuel efficiency with higher ethanol content, requiring adjustments for E20 compliance.
• Maruti Suzuki and other manufacturers are preparing for the E20 deadline, with many vehicles already compatible.

Regional Perspectives on Ethanol Policy:

• Uttar Pradesh: Major contributor to ethanol blending, with a significant portion of ethanol coming from sugarcane. The state is fully aligned with the central government’s ethanol goals.
• Tamil Nadu: Fuel ethanol production faces challenges due to water requirements and political sensitivity regarding rice allocation. The state relies heavily on liquor revenue, affecting ethanol adoption.
• Maharashtra: Focuses on producing Extra Neutral Alcohol (ENA) for various uses, with ethanol blending being less profitable unless supported by steady contracts.

Source: TH

5. Hayflick limit: Why immortality remains out of humans’ reach

Subject: Science

Section: Health

Context:

• Biomedical researcher Leonard Hayflick, known for his discovery of the Hayflick limit, passed away on August 1 at the age of 98.

The Hayflick Limit:

• Hayflick’s work fundamentally altered the understanding of aging by demonstrating that normal somatic cells can only divide a finite number of times.
• Discovered in the early 1960s at the University of Pennsylvania, the Hayflick limit refers to the maximum number of times somatic cells can divide—approximately 40-60 times—before they stop dividing.
• This cessation of cell division, leading to the accumulation of senescent cells, contributes to aging and bodily decline.
• The “ultimate Hayflick limit” for humans is estimated to be around 125 years, beyond which lifespan cannot be extended by diet, exercise, or genetic modifications.

Telomeres and Aging:

• Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes, protecting them during cell division. Telomeres shorten with each division, eventually leading to cell senescence.
• Although telomere shortening is associated with aging, the precise link between telomere length and lifespan remains unclear. For example, lab mice have longer telomeres than humans but live much shorter lives.

Research on Telomeres and Telomerase:

• Some researchers argue that telomere loss and the Hayflick limit might be symptoms of aging rather than direct causes. It may be possible to counteract telomere loss or replace telomeres.
• The discovery of telomerase in the 1980s, a protein capable of generating new telomeres, suggests potential avenues for extending cell lifespan. However, telomerase is typically active only in cancer cells, leading to ongoing research into its practical applications.
• While in vitro studies have shown promise in slowing telomere loss, practical applications for extending human cell lifespan are still developing.

Source: IE

6. Rising Deposit Costs and Their Impact on Lenders’ Net Interest Margins

Sub: Eco

Sec: Monetary Policy

• Narrowing Net Interest Margins (NIM):
  • Rising deposit costs amid the intense competition for deposits have caused a narrowing in banks’ Net Interest Margins (NIM) during the June quarter.
  • The overall NIM for banks narrowed by 0.13% to 2.94% compared to the same quarter in the previous year.
• Private Sector Banks Hit Hardest:
  • Private sector banks experienced the most significant decline in NIMs, with a 0.25% reduction compared to the previous year, bringing their NIM to 3.20%.
  • Among private banks, the larger ones saw a smaller dip of 0.07%.
• Sequential Performance:
  • From a quarter-on-quarter perspective, private sector banks fared better, showing a 0.03% expansion in NIM.
  • In contrast, State-run banks saw a 0.09% decline in NIM during the same period.
• Deposit Growth:
  • Overall deposit growth for scheduled commercial banks was 13.7%, while private sector banks saw a higher deposit growth of 23.2% year-on-year.
• Impact on Core Income:
  • The narrowing of NIMs affected net interest income, with the core revenue increasing by 9.7% to ₹2.03 lakh crore, a relatively slower growth rate.
  • Credit growth of 18.1% helped boost core income, but the rise in deposit costs and the decline in yields on advances limited the overall growth.

Net Interest Margin (NIM)

Net Interest Margin (NIM) is a key financial metric used to measure the profitability of banks and other financial institutions. It represents the difference between the interest income generated by the institution from its lending activities (such as loans and mortgages) and the interest it pays out to its depositors, relative to its total interest-earning assets.

Why NIM Matters:

• Profitability Indicator: NIM is a crucial indicator of a bank’s profitability. A higher NIM generally suggests that the bank is managing its lending and deposit activities efficiently, leading to higher profits.
• Cost Management: A declining NIM may indicate rising costs of deposits or falling returns on loans, signaling potential issues in the bank’s financial health.
• Comparison Tool: NIM is often used to compare the performance of different banks or the same bank over different periods.

7. Inflation Targeting in India: Risks of Abandoning the Current Regime

Sub: Eco

Sec: Monetary Policy

• Effectiveness of Current Inflation Targeting:
  • The RBI’s inflation targeting regime has been effective in managing inflation.
  • Abandoning this regime in favor of a more discretionary approach could be risky and counterproductive.
• Appropriateness of the Current Framework:
  • The existing framework, which includes a 4% inflation target with a tolerance band of +/- 2 percentage points, is deemed broadly appropriate.
  • The focus on headline inflation is suitable for the Indian economic context.
• Suggested Improvements:
  • Minor tweaks can be made to enhance the framework’s performance.
  • Reducing the weight of food-price inflation in the CPI basket is recommended to better reflect the circumstances of Indian households.
• Government and RBI Agreement:
  • The 2015 inflation targeting agreement between the government and the RBI has largely met its objectives.
  • Inflation exceeded the upper tolerance band of 6% only once during January 2022 – September 2022.
• Positive Outcomes of Inflation Targeting:
  • Lower and less volatile inflation, better-anchored inflation expectations, and more effective monetary policy transmission have been observed due to inflation targeting.
• Critique of Excluding Food Inflation:
  • While the Chief Economic Advisor suggested excluding food inflation from rate-setting decisions, the authors argue that inflation targeting has not made the RBI overly reactive to fluctuations in food prices.

Conclusion:

• Maintaining the current inflation targeting regime is crucial, with minor adjustments to enhance its effectiveness. A more discretionary approach could undermine the progress made in controlling inflation and stabilizing expectations.

Inflation Targeting is a monetary policy framework used by central banks to control inflation within a specific target range. The central bank publicly sets an explicit inflation target and uses various monetary tools, primarily interest rates, to steer the economy towards that target.

Components of Inflation Targeting:

• Explicit Inflation Target:
  • The central bank sets a clear and public target for the inflation rate, usually measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
• Monetary Policy Tools:
  • Interest Rates: The central bank adjusts interest rates to influence economic activity. For example:
  • Raising Interest Rates: To cool down an overheating economy and reduce inflation.
  • Lowering Interest Rates: To stimulate economic growth when inflation is below the target.
  • Open Market Operations: Buying or selling government securities to influence money supply and interest rates.
  • Communication: Providing forward guidance to manage market expectations about future policy actions.

8. Jan Poshan Kendras

Sub: Schemes

Sec: Welfare

In a significant move towards enhancing the efficacy and reach of the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India, the Union Government has launched a pilot project to convert 60 Fair Price Shops (FPS) into “Jan Poshan Kendras” (Public Nutrition Centres). This initiative aims to address multiple dimensions of food security and public health by improving access to nutrition-rich food and providing additional income sources for FPS dealers. The pilot project, which targets select locations in Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Telangana, underscores the government’s commitment to strengthening the food security ecosystem and advancing towards its broader goals for 2047.

Pilot Project Launch

The Union Minister of Food and Public Distribution, Pralhad Venkatesh Joshi, inaugurated the pilot project on August 20, 2024. The initiative will see the transformation of 15 FPS each in Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh), Ahmedabad (Gujarat), Jaipur (Rajasthan), and Hyderabad (Telangana) into Jan Poshan Kendras. These centres are designed to cater to the growing demand for improved nutritional options and enhance the financial stability of FPS dealers.

Features and Objectives of Jan Poshan Kendras

a. Nutritional Focus

The Jan Poshan Kendras will feature a storage model where 50% of the space is dedicated to nutrition-rich products, with the remaining space reserved for other household items. This shift aims to ensure a steady supply of essential nutritional foods to consumers.

b. Income Generation for FPS Dealers

The project is expected to boost the income of FPS dealers by providing them with additional revenue streams through the sale of a diverse range of products, thereby addressing their financial concerns.

Technological and Operational Enhancements

a. FPS Sahay Application

An on-demand Invoice Based Financing (IBF) application, FPS Sahay, developed by SIDBI, has been introduced. It aims to provide paperless, presence-less, collateral-free, cash flow-based financing to FPS dealers, facilitating smoother financial transactions.

b. Mera Ration App 2.0

The upgraded Mera Ration App offers enhanced features for better service delivery and user experience. It supports seamless access to ration services across different states.

c. Quality Management Systems (QMS)

QMS will monitor key transactions in real-time during procurement, storage, and distribution stages to ensure quality control.

d. Quality Manual Handbook

A comprehensive quality manual handbook has been introduced to detail procedures, standards, and policies, ensuring rigorous quality management.

Broader Government Initiatives

a. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY)

This scheme has been extended for another five years with a financial outlay of around Rs 12 lakh crore, aiming to enhance food security.

b. One Nation One Ration Card

This initiative facilitates seamless transactions across the country, promoting the integration and efficiency of the PDS.

Socio-Economic and Political Relevance

a. Socio-Economic Impact

The Jan Poshan Kendras will address nutritional deficiencies and improve health outcomes, particularly in underserved areas. By increasing the availability of diverse food options and enhancing financial stability for FPS dealers, the project aims to foster economic resilience and social well-being.

b. Political Implications

The initiative reflects the government’s proactive approach to reforming the PDS and its alignment with the Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. It demonstrates a commitment to tackling malnutrition, ensuring transparency, and reinforcing food security, which could influence public perception and support for the current administration.

9. JUICE mission

Sub: Sci

Sec: Space sector

The JUICE mission’s primary aim is to explore Jupiter and its major moons, which are thought to have subsurface oceans beneath their icy crusts. These moons—Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa—are of immense interest because they could harbor conditions suitable for life. By studying these celestial bodies, JUICE seeks to create detailed surface maps, investigate the moons’ subsurface structures, and understand their potential habitability.

Mission Timeline and Phases

Launch and Journey: JUICE was launched on April 14, 2023, from the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana aboard an Ariane 5 rocket. The spacecraft, built by Airbus Defence and Space, is expected to reach Jupiter in July 2031 after a journey of over eight years, involving multiple gravity assists.

• Scientific Goals: The mission aims to: Map the surfaces of Jupiter’s moons and explore their subsurface water bodies.
• Investigate the origin, history, and evolution of Jupiter itself.
• Focus particularly on Ganymede, the largest moon in the Solar System, which generates its own magnetic field.
• Orbit and Operations: Upon reaching Jupiter, JUICE will enter orbit around Ganymede in December 2034. The spacecraft’s findings will complement NASA’s Europa Clipper mission, scheduled for launch in October 2024, which will also study Europa’s potential habitability.

Recent Milestone: Moon Flyby

The Moon Gravity Assist

On August 19, 2024, JUICE performed a crucial gravity assist flyby of the Moon, coming within 465 miles (750 kilometers) of the lunar surface. This maneuver was pivotal for adjusting JUICE’s trajectory towards its next destination, a Venus flyby in 2025, and ultimately, Jupiter. The flyby involved:

• Capture of Images: During the close approach, JUICE captured detailed images of the Moon’s surface, which will aid in the mission’s data collection and trajectory planning.
• Trajectory Adjustment: The flyby used the Moon’s gravity to alter JUICE’s path, effectively “braking” the spacecraft and conserving fuel. This technique is a cost-effective method to adjust the spacecraft’s speed and trajectory for interplanetary travel.

Earth Flyby Plan

10. Vaccine-Derived Polio in Meghalaya

Sub: Sci

Sec: Health

Context: A recent case of polio in a two-year-old child from Tikrikilla, Meghalaya has garnered significant attention. Announced on August 20, 2024, by a senior official from the Union Health Ministry, this case is notable as it represents a vaccine-derived form of polio rather than wild polio. This development is crucial given that India was declared polio-free by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2014, following the last reported wild poliovirus case in 2011. The occurrence of a vaccine-derived polio case has heightened alert levels in Meghalaya and raises questions about vaccination coverage and public health responses.

Current Case

Incident Overview: A two-year-old child from Tikrikilla, West Garo Hills district, Meghalaya, has been diagnosed with polio. The child initially exhibited symptoms of poliomyelitis over a week ago and was diagnosed with acute flaccid paralysis at a hospital in Assam’s Goalpara.

Health Response: Stool and other samples from the child were sent to testing centers in Kolkata and Mumbai, managed by the Indian Council of Medical Research’s National Institute of Virology. The situation is under close review by local health officials and will be reassessed as more information becomes available.

Official Statements: Chief Minister Conrad K. Sangma has emphasized the seriousness of the situation and assured that a detailed review is underway.

Understanding Vaccine-Derived Polio

Nature of Vaccine-Derived Polio: Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV): Contains a weakened form of the poliovirus, which triggers an immune response. Occasionally, this vaccine-virus can be excreted and, in populations with low immunization coverage, can circulate and undergo genetic changes.

Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus (cVDPV): In rare instances, the vaccine-virus can evolve into a form that causes paralysis. This situation is known as cVDPV.

Historical Context and Statistics: Since 2000, over 10 billion doses of OPV have been administered worldwide, reaching nearly three billion children. There have been 24 cVDPV outbreaks in 21 countries, with fewer than 760 cases reported.

Prevention and Control: Immunization Campaigns: The standard response to cVDPV outbreaks involves conducting multiple high-quality immunization campaigns to stop the virus’s transmission.

Symptoms of Poliovirus: Include fatigue, fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation, sore throat, neck stiffness, pain or tingling in limbs, severe headaches, and sensitivity to light.

Transmission and Reservoir: Human Reservoir: Poliovirus is transmitted solely through human contact; there are no animal vectors involved.

• NFHS Data: According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data, immunization coverage in India has generally been high, but disparities exist in rural and remote areas which may affect polio vaccination rates.

Key Points to Focus On

• Nature of the Case: Emphasis on the distinction between vaccine-derived and wild polio is crucial for understanding the current situation and addressing public concerns.
• Response Measures: The role of high-quality immunization campaigns in controlling vaccine-derived outbreaks highlights the importance of maintaining robust vaccination programs.
• Surveillance and Monitoring: The importance of continued vigilance and prompt response in monitoring and managing vaccine-derived poliovirus cases.
• Immunization Coverage: Ensuring comprehensive immunization in all populations to prevent both wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks.

11. What must NASA decide to bring Sunita Williams and Barry Wilmore home?

Sub: Sci

Sec: Space sector

The situation of American astronauts Barry ‘Butch’ Wilmore and Sunita ‘Suni’ Williams being stranded aboard the International Space Station (ISS) due to issues with the Boeing Starliner spacecraft highlights significant challenges in space exploration and the inherent risks involved in human spaceflight. This scenario also underlines the complexities and interdependencies in NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, which involves private companies like Boeing and SpaceX in providing spaceflight services to the ISS.

Key Issues

Technical Problems with Starliner: The Boeing-built Starliner spacecraft, on its first crewed test flight to the ISS, encountered technical issues after docking. Persistent problems with helium lines and the propulsion system have prevented a safe return of the astronauts.

Health Risks in Prolonged Space Missions: Extended exposure to space’s harsh environment poses risks such as increased radiation, loss of bone density, and other health complications. The astronauts face the possibility of an eight-month mission instead of the originally planned eight days.

Operational Challenges: The astronauts’ potential return scenarios include either resolving the Starliner issues for a crewed descent or relying on SpaceX’s Crew-9 mission, which could further delay their return until February 2025.

Logistical and Safety Concerns: A crucial challenge is ensuring the safety of the astronauts, particularly with the need for compatible spacesuits if an emergency return on SpaceX’s spacecraft is required.

Details of the Article

Boeing Starliner’s Mission and Challenges: Starliner is part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program, designed to enable private companies to transport astronauts to and from the ISS. However, the spacecraft has encountered issues with its propulsion system and helium lines, leading to the astronauts being stranded on the ISS longer than planned.

Astronauts’ Extended Stay: Wilmore and Williams, originally scheduled for an eight-day mission, may now remain on the ISS for approximately eight months due to the unresolved technical issues. This extended stay introduces additional health risks, particularly from radiation exposure and the physical effects of prolonged weightlessness.

NASA’s Response and Decision-Making Process: NASA is currently reviewing the situation with multiple layers of analysis and safety assessments to determine the safest course of action. The agency is considering whether to bring the astronauts back on the Starliner after resolving the issues or to plan for their return on SpaceX’s Crew-9 mission.

Suitability and Safety Concerns:

A unique challenge arises from the incompatibility of Boeing’s spacesuits with SpaceX’s spacecraft, which could force the astronauts to return unsuited if an emergency transfer is required.

• NASA has conducted similar mid-mission reviews in the past, such as during SpaceX’s first crew test flight in 2020. These reviews are critical in ensuring mission readiness and astronaut safety.
• Historical Precedents:

Possible Solutions

• Resolution of Technical Issues: Prioritize resolving the technical problems with Starliner to allow a safe, crewed return of the astronauts. This requires rigorous testing and assurance that all systems are fully functional.
• Alternative Return Plans: Prepare contingency plans for the astronauts’ safe return via SpaceX’s Crew-9 mission, ensuring they have the necessary equipment and safety measures in place, including appropriate spacesuits.
• Health Monitoring and Support: Continuously monitor the health of the astronauts aboard the ISS, providing necessary support to mitigate the effects of prolonged space exposure, such as countermeasures for bone density loss and radiation protection.
• Enhanced Collaboration Between Boeing and SpaceX: Encourage greater collaboration between Boeing and SpaceX, particularly in standardizing critical equipment like spacesuits, to ensure compatibility across different spacecraft in future missions.
• Review and Update of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program: Conduct a thorough review of the Commercial Crew Program to identify and address any gaps or weaknesses in the collaboration between NASA and private companies, ensuring that future missions are better prepared for such contingencies.
• The situation involving Wilmore and Williams underscores the challenges and risks associated with human spaceflight, particularly in the context of NASA’s reliance on private companies like Boeing and SpaceX. As NASA navigates these challenges, the focus remains on ensuring the safety of the astronauts while learning valuable lessons that can improve future missions. This case also highlights the need for robust contingency planning and collaboration in the evolving landscape of space exploration.

International Space Station:

• The ISS is a manmade space station or artificial satellite that is habitable for humans in space.
• It is in the low-earth orbit and there are astronauts living onboard the space station conducting experiments on earth science, biology, biotechnology, astronomy, microgravity, meteorology, physics, etc.
• The International Space Station was the brainchild of former US President Ronald Reagan, who in 1984 proposed building a permanently inhabited spacecraft in cooperation with a few other countries.
• The ISS was developed and built by five space agencies namely, NASA (USA), Roscosmos (Russia), European Space Agency (ESA-Europe), JAXA (Japan) and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA-Canada).
• The station is divided into two sections: the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) is operated by Russia, while the United States Orbital Segment (USOS) is run by the United States as well as many other nations.

12. Can blood tests for cancer save more lives?

Sub : Sci

Sec: Health

Context:

• A multi-cancer early detection test can identify circulating tumour DNA or circulating tumour cells at an early stage, allowing for more effective treatment.

Cancer in India:

• Cancer is responsible for 18% of deaths from noncommunicable diseases, making it the second leading cause of mortality in the country.
• In 2022 alone, an estimated 14 lakh new cancer cases occurred in India.

Common types:

• As per GLOBOCAN, among women, breast, cervical, ovarian, and colorectal cancers are most common.
• Lung, esophageal, colorectal, and stomach cancers dominate among men.

Cancer screening in India:

• According to National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019-21), cancer screening in India is limited, with only 2-2% of people having undergone any form of screening.

About Multi-Cancer Early Detection (MCED) Test:

• MCED test, a type of liquid biopsy, detects cancer signals such as circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) and circulating tumour cells (CTCs) released by cancerous cells into the blood at early stages, when treatment is most effective.
• The test can detect up to 50 types of cancer.
• The MCED test does not assess genetic predispositions or inherited genetic changes related to cancer.

13. What is a waterspout, which may have sunk the luxury yacht off Sicily?

Sub: Geo

Sec: Climatology

Context:

• A yacht sank off the coast of Sicily, Italy after being hit by a Waterspout.

Waterspout:

• A waterspout is a large column of air and mist rotating over a water body.
• It typically lasts for around five minutes, occasionally reaching 10 minutes.
• The average waterspout can be around 165 feet in diameter, with wind speeds of 100 kilometres per hour.
• Although waterspouts are more common in tropical waters, they can appear anywhere.
• They occur when there are high levels of humidity and relatively warm water temperatures compared to the overlying air.

Types of waterspouts:

• There are two types of waterspouts: tornadic waterspouts and fair-weather waterspouts.
• Tornadic waterspouts
  • Tornadic waterspouts are actual tornadoes that form over water or move from land to water.
  • They are associated with severe thunderstorms, and are often accompanied by high winds and seas, large hail, and frequent dangerous lightning.
  • Tornadic waterspouts can be large and may lead to considerable destruction.
• Fair-weather waterspouts
  • More common, form over only water.
  • They are less dangerous and usually small.

14. Who are the Dhangars of Maharashtra and why are they asking for ‘grazing corridors’ in forests?

Sub : Geo

Sec: Human geo

Context:

• A large group of Dhangars recently marched to the office of the subdivisional officer in Khamgaon of Maharashtra’s Buldhana district, demanding a “grazing corridor” for their sheep and goats.

About Dhangar community:

• The Dhangars are a community of shepherds found mainly in Maharashtra. .
• They are known by other names such as Golla and Kuruba

Status of recognition:

• The Dhangars are on Maharashtra’s list of Vimukta Jati and Nomadic Tribes (VJNT).
• Recognised as Other Backward Classes (OBC) in Central list.
• They have been demanding Scheduled Tribe (ST) status for decades.
• According to Dhangar leaders, the community is identified as “Dhangad” elsewhere in the country, and gets reservation as an ST.

Population:

• The community is believed to be around 1 crore strong, which would make them about 9% of the Maharshtra’s 11.2 crore population (2011 census).
• Around 40% of the Dhangar population is believed to be solely dependent on herding.

Demand for grazing rights:

• The Forest Rights Act, 2006, allows traditional occupations including grazing, but it has helped only STs get access to grazing grounds.
• Dhangars, who come under the nomadic tribes category, have not benefited.