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How India has become relatively Atmanirbhar in Pulses compared to Edible Oil

  • June 5, 2023
  • Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team
  • Category: DPN Topics
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How India has become relatively Atmanirbhar in Pulses compared to Edible Oil

Subject :Geography

Section: Economic geography

Context:

  • There are two agricultural commodities in which India is significantly import-dependent: Edible oil and pulses.

High import dependence on edible oil:

  • Between 2013-14 and 2022-23 (April-March), the value of India’s vegetable oil imports soared from $7,249.85 million (Rs 44,038.04 crore) to $20,837.70 million (Rs 167,269.99 crore). Much of this has been in just the last two fiscal years.
  • Out of the 24-25 million tonnes (mt) cooking oil that the country consumes annually, only 9-10 mt is from domestically produced grain. The balance of 14-15 mt is imported.

Relative self-dependence in pulses:

  • The value of imports has posted only a marginal rise during the past nine years from $1,828.16 million (Rs 11,036.75 crore) to $ 1,943.89 million (Rs 15,780.56 crore).
  • Imports went up initially to reach a high of $4,244.13 million (Rs 28,523.18 crore) in 2016-17, only to fall substantially thereafter.

  • In quantity terms, India’s imports of pulses more than doubled from 3.18 mt in 2013-14 to 6.61 mt in 2016-17. Then they have come down to 2.70 mt in 2021-22 and 2.52 mt in 2022-23.
  • The major cause of decline is the higher domestic production of pulses.
  • According to the Agriculture Ministry, India’s pulses output has increased from 19.26 mt in 2013-14 to 27.50 mt in 2022-23.

  • In the above chart, it can be seen that imports of two items have recorded dramatic drops: Yellow/white peas (matar) and chickpeas (chana).
    • Yellow/white peas – imported mainly from Canada, Russia, Ukraine and Lithuania.
    • Chickpea is mainly imported from Russia and Australia.
  • The boost to chana production came from two key government measures, incentivizing Indian farmers to expand the area under the pulses crop grown during the rabi (winter-spring) season.
    • The first is the levy of a 60% import duty on chana since March 2018.
    • The second intervention has been government procurement at minimum support prices (MSP).
  • Though the same is not being replicated to the other pulses like: Arhar or Pigeonpea and Urad or black gram (a Kharif crop). Moong (green gram) has fared better. 
    • Its (Moong dal) estimated production of 3.74 mt in 2022-23, for the first time, overtook Arhar’s at 3.43 mt.
  • Arhar is mainly imported from Mozambique, Myanmar, Tanzania, Malawi and Sudan.
  • Masoor (red lentil) is mainly imported from Canada and Australia and has crossed 1.1-1.2 mt in some years.
  • There is currently no duty on imports of masoor, arhar or urad.
Pulse varietyRecent trends (2022-23) and characteristics
Chana (Chickpeas)
  • Annual legume of the family Fabaceae
  • Major producing states: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan
  • Production has increased recently.
  • Imported from Russia and Australia.
Yellow/white peas (Matar)
  • Production increased recently
  • Majorly imported from Canada, Russia, Ukraine and Lithuania.
  • Import has been declined in recent years.
Arhardaal (Pigeonpea)
  • Stagnant production
  • Import increased
  • Mainly imported from Mozambique, Myanmar, Tanzania, Malawi and Sudan.
Masoor dal (Red lentil)
  • Mainly imported from Canada and Australia.
  • Import has increased (crossed 1.1-1.2 mt recently.)
Geography How India has become relatively Atmanirbhar in Pulses compared to Edible Oil
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