Mains Factly (1-15) September 2022
- September 18, 2022
- Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team
- Category: Mains
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ESSAY
- Pakistan is responsible for less than 1% of the world’s planet-warming gases, but faces $ 10 bn loss due to climate change induced floods and 8th most vulnerable to climate change (example for climate justice)
- Duties as becoming more important after ‘Kartavyapath path’
GS-1
GEOGRAPHY
Life Expectancy
- Life expectancy in India has more than doubled since Independence — from around 32 years in the late 1940s to 70 years.
GS-2
POLITY
Facts
- According to the reports, the share of Indians who enjoy at least one social security benefit was just 24.4%. This falls far short of the Asia-Pacific region average of 44.1% and the global achievement of 46.9%. Countries in the neighbourhood like Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand have registered substantially higher achievements. The share of population covered by at least one social security programme is in the 70%–90% range in BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) countries. And it covered three-fourths of the population in the United States (US) and almost 100% in France and Germany-ILO REPORT
HDI 2022
- India slipped two slots to rank 132 out of 191 countries in the latest Human Development Index (HD) report released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).In 2020 India was ranked 130
- It also said that 9 out of 10 countries have fallen backward in human development in the face of multiple crises like Covid-19, the Ukraine war and climate change. At the same time, it acknowledged that compared to 2019, the impact of inequality on human development is lower in India.
- According to UNDP, in India’s case, the drop in HD from 645 in 2019 to 0.633 in 2021 can be attributed to life expectancy falling from 69.7 to 67.2 years.
- India’s expected years of schooling stand at 11.9 years and the mean years of schooling at 6.7 years. The GNI per capita level is $6,590.
- India’s HDI value has been steadily catching up to the world average since 1990—indicating a faster than the global rate of progress in human development
- India has lifted a staggering 271 million out of multidimensional poverty.
- UNDP lauded India’s investment in health & education, helping it come closer to global human development average since 1990.
- HD measures progress on three key dimensions of human developmenta long and healthy life, access to education and a decent standard of living. It is calculated using four indicators – life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. (Graph Needed)
Supreme Court (Judicial Delay)
- India has 03 judges per million people- Law ministry in LS 2021
- To address backlogs in justice delivery, the 120th report of Law Commission had recommended 50 judges per million people.
- The 20th law commission study found at the current rate of disposals HCs require an additional 56 judges to break even and an addition 942 judges to clear the backlog.
- Over 1 crore cases are pending in the subordinate courts in the country.
- Over 59,55,907 cases are pending in 25 High Courts across the country.
- Over 71,411 cases are pending cases in Supreme Court of India
- Don’t want SC to be a ‘tareekh pe tareekh’ court: Justice Chandrachud (Graph Needed)
Civil Servants
- Civil servants, they have an important role to play in the emergence of India as a global hub of knowledge, supply-chain, innovation, technology-development and various other fields
- By working with passion and pride, they can ensure that the India of 2047 will be much more prosperous, strong and happy.
- For shaping the India of 2047, they have to work with a modern and service-oriented mind-set
- It is expected from civil servants to reach the last person or the most deprived person in their area of responsibility and improve her living condition.
- Civil servants should try to reach such underprivileged people. Underprivileged people should not be put into the difficulty of reaching them for help.
- Civil servants should be guided by dedication to public service, empathy and compassion towards the weaker sections, maintaining highest standards of integrity and conduct and impartiality and objectivity.
- Civil servants should be fired by the passion to make their area ‘number one’ in terms of human development indices.
- Civil servants should feel pride in transforming the lives of the under-privileged. They should be sensitive to the people they are duty-bound to serve.
- “BharatamevKutumbakam” – All India is my family- should be integral to the ethos of Civil Servants belonging to all India Service
GS-3
ECONOMY
Road Safety
- India ranked India 127th among 162 countries in terms of road transport speed. The US is the fastest country, with a mean speed score of 107 kmph, while India has a mean speed score of 58 kmph.
- ‘Road Quality and Mean Speed Score’ IMF
- Rail’s share stood at merely 27 per cent as compared to Road’s share of 71 per cent.
- Indian Railways seeks to increase its modal share in freight by 45% from the existing 27% to 45% in 10years, according to the draft National Rail Plan 2030.
- India has high logistics costs of around 13-14 per cent of GDP as against 8-10 per cent in the US and Europe.
- The World Bank in its recently released Logistics Performance Index has now ranked India at the 35thposition from amongst 160 countries.
- Out of the ambitious investment plan of Rs1,11,30,428 crore under the National Infrastructure Pipeline(NIP), Rs 36,66,028 crore is envisaged for Road, Rail, Ports & Airport i.e approximately 33 per cent of NIP is towards the Logistics Sector Projects
Road Accidents
- The World Health Organization has noted that road accidents are a major public health problem as crashes kill more than 1.25 million people and injure about 50 million people a year, with 90% of such casualties occurring in developing countries.
- It is one of the 12 most common causes of death in India.
- The country accounts for about 4.5 lakh road crashes per annum, in which 5 lakh people die.
- With just 1 per cent of the world’s vehicles, India accounts for 11 per cent of the global death in road accidents, the highest in the world. Estimates show that the crash costs at Rs 5.96 lakh crore or 3.14 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).
- Over a period of 24 years, if India could halve the deaths and injuries due to road traffic, its GDP could increase by 7%-World Bank report.
- India has 1% vehicles that account for 6% of the world’s road accident
- The National Crime Records Bureau’s Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India (ADSI) report showed that 55 lakh individuals died in accidents on India’s roads in 2021, up from the 1.33 lakh deaths in the pandemic lockdown year of2020.
- Data Across the Nation:
- The maximum increase in number of traffic accident cases from 2020 to 2021 was reported in Tamil Nadu > Madhya Pradesh > Uttar Pradesh > Maharashtra > Kerala
- Initiatives:
- Sundar Committee on Road safety and Traffic Management was constituted to provide structural recommendations and function related advice for Directorate of Road safety and Traffic Management.
- Brasilia Declaration: Countries plan to achieve SDG 3.6 (to halve the no. of global deaths and injuries from road accidents) by 2030.
- UN declared 2011-2020 as the decade of action for Road Safety
Indian Agriculture
- Agriculture and allied sector, being the primary source of livelihood for about 58 per cent of India’s population
- It accounted for 8 per cent of the country’s overall Gross Value Added (GVA)during FY22.
- With one of the largest agricultural research systems in the world—The National Agricultural Research & Education Systems (NARES)–India has 27,500 agricultural scientists, more than one lakh support staff and several institutions(agricultural universities, research institutes and Krishi Vigyan Kendras) under the supervision of ICAR.
Agri-Climate Change
- The agriculture sector in India accounts for 4 percent of India’s total greenhouse gas emissions.
- Practices related to crop production account for 46 percent of the total emission from the sector, of which, 19 percent is attributable to fertiliser application on the soil.
- A loss of 10 to 40 percent in crop production has been predicted for India by 2100. This translates to an economic loss estimated in the range of USD ($) 143-367 billion in 2100, accounting to about26 – 0.84 percent of the GDP.
- This economic loss only accounts for a decreased yield of rice, wheat. and maize due to climate variability and uncertainty.
Population
- Rural India account for two-thirds of the population, 70% of the workforce, and 46% of the national income.
Dependency Ratio
- Dependency ratio is the ratio of persons in the ages defined as dependent (under 15 years and over 64 years) to persons in the ages defined as economically productive (15-64 years) in a population.
Gig Economy
- In2020-21,77 lakh workers we reengaged in the gig economy, it is likely to increase to 35 crores by 2029-30
- In other words, while the gig workers comprised5 pre cent of the total workforce in India in 2020-21, they may account for 4.1 per cent of the total livelihood in India by 2029-30
- In terms of sectors, many non-agricultural gig workers are employed in the retail trade and sales (around 27 lakh) and transportation sector (approximately 13 lakh).
- Moreover, the report estimated that the above sectors had registered a significant addition of workers between 2011-12 and 2019-20.
- Even the education sector has seen a 51 per cent increase in gig work.
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
NFH Survey
- 83% of urban households register deaths; the share is just 66% among rural households. On-communicable diseases (NCDs) account for 65 per cent of the deaths in India. The major metabolic risk factors for NCDs are obesity-raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose and total cholesterol levels in the blood. –NFH survey
Patents in India
- The total number of patents application to the Indian patent office increased by 48% between 2010-11 and 2020-21, largely driven by applications by residents.
- The latest Annual Report (2019- 20) of the Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs, Trademarks and Geographical Indications (CGPDTM) shows that the number of abandoned patent applications, on account of not meeting the requirements under Sections9(1) and 21(1) of the Patents Act, grew from 5,186 in 2010-11 to23,291 in 2019-20, an increase by almost 350%. The share of such abandoned patents in the total number of patent applications soared from 6% in2010-11 to 48% in 2019-20.
- India’s overall ranking in the Gil improving from 81 in 2015 to 46 in 2021.
- India’s score for this industry – academia collaboration has in fact declined over the last few years, from 8 in 2015 to 42.7 in 2021. Consequently, India’s ranking in this indicator in the GII declined from 48 to 65 during this period.
- India’s gross expenditure on R&D is 65% of GDP, significantly lower than top 10 economies spend of 1.5-3% (Graph Needed)
GS-4
ETHICS
Huan dignity
E GOV
Commitment
- Commitment to duty:-Stuck in Bengaluru traffic, doctor runs 3km to reach hospital for surgery (Stuck in Bengaluru traffic, doctor runs 3km to reach hospital for surgery | Cities News, The Indian Express)
Community Policing
- How an IPS officer used soft policing to crack down on illegal hooch distilleries in Solapur–How an IPS officer used soft policing to crack down on illegal hooch distilleries in Solapur | Governance News, The Indian Express)