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Mount Merapi eruption

  • December 6, 2023
  • Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team
  • Category: DPN Topics
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Mount Merapi eruption

Subject: Geography

Section: Physical geography

Context:

Some facts about Mount Merapi:

  • Mount Merapi is a volcanic mountain peak located near the centre of the island of Java, Indonesia.
  • It is located on Sumatra, the westernmost and third largest of Indonesia’s 18,000 islands.
  • It stands 2,891m high.
  • Mount Marapi, which means “Mountain of Fire”, is among the most active of Indonesia’s 127 volcanoes and is also popular among hikers.
  • The Indonesian archipelago sits on the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire, where the meeting of continental plates causes high volcanic and seismic activity.

Why do more volcanoes occur in Indonesia:

  • Indonesia is situated within the expansive Ring of Fire encircling the Pacific Ocean, comprising more than 17,000 islands and islets, along with nearly 130 active volcanoes.
  • Also known as the Circum-Pacific Belt, the Ring of Fire denotes a pathway around the Pacific Ocean marked by active volcanoes and frequent seismic activity.
  • The prevalence of volcanoes and earthquakes along this belt is a consequence of intense tectonic plate movements in the region.
  • At many points along the Ring of Fire, tectonic plates intersect at convergent boundaries known as subduction zones.
  • In these zones, the lower plate is forced downward, or subducted, by the upper plate.
  • As the rock undergoes subduction, it melts and transforms into magma.
  • The abundance of magma in close proximity to the Earth’s surface creates favorable conditions for volcanic activity.
  • A noteworthy exception occurs at the boundary between the Pacific and North American Plates.
  • This segment of the Ring of Fire functions as a transform boundary, where plates slide horizontally past one another.
  • Such boundaries give rise to a substantial number of earthquakes as tension in the Earth’s crust accumulates and is subsequently released.

Location of selected volcanoes of Indonesia:

Some facts about volcanoes:

  • Volcanoes are openings, or vents where lava, tephra (small rocks), and steam erupt onto the Earth’s surface.
  • Volcanoes can be on land and in the ocean.
  • They are, in part, a result of their own eruptions but also the general formation of our planet, as tectonic plates move.
  • Volcanoes can be classified as:
    • Active: Have a recent history of eruptions
    • Dormant: Have not erupted for a long time but may erupt in the future
    • Extinct: Are not expected to erupt in the future
  • There are four main types of volcanoes: cinder cones, composite or stratovolcanoes, shield volcanoes and lava domes.
  • Their type is determined by how the lava from an eruption flows and how that flow affects the volcano, and, as a result, how it affects its surrounding environment.
Geography Mount Merapi eruption

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