Role of microbiome in shaping type 1 diabetes
- October 29, 2023
- Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team
- Category: DPN Topics
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Role of microbiome in shaping type 1 diabetes
Subject : Science and Tech
Section: Health
Context:
Parsing data from two clinical trials, researchers have mapped out how the gut microbiome can impact how people respond to teplizumab, a drug that can delay the onset of type 1 diabetes.
About:
- Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease, which is characterized by the destruction of islet β cells in the pancreas triggered by genetic and environmental factors.
- In past decades, extensive familial and genome‐wide association studies have revealed more than 50 risk loci in the genome.
- However, genetic susceptibility cannot explain the increased incidence of T1D worldwide, which is very likely attributed to the growing impact of environmental factors, especially gut microbiome.
- Recently, the role of gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of T1D has been uncovered by the increasing evidence from both human subjects and animal models, strongly indicating that gut microbiome might be a pivotal hub of T1D‐triggering factors, especially environmental factors.
- Gut microbiome contains approximately 500 to 1000 different bacterial species and 100 trillion bacteria residing in the gastrointestinal tract. Because of the symbiotic relationship between gut microbiome and our body, gut microbiome also is called commensal bacteria.
- Microbes in the gut and intestine are generally divided into Gram‐positive (G+) and Gram‐negative (G−) populations.
- Usually, gastrointestinal tracts are dominated by 4 bacterial phyla based on 16S rRNA sequencing, including Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria.
- Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes constitute the most abundant phyla in the adult’s gut and intestine, and Actinobacteria is predominant in the gut of breast‐fed infants.
- Bifidobacterium is the most abundant bacteria in Actinobacteria and considered to be probiotic microorganisms.