The different types of COVID-19 vaccines

The different types of COVID-19 vaccines

Subject – Science and Tech

Context – World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that immune compromised individuals or those inoculated with inactivated virus vaccine should be given a booster

Concept –

There are three main approaches to designing a vaccine

1. The whole-microbe approach

Inactivated vaccine

• The first way to make a vaccine is to take the disease-carrying virus or bacterium, or one very similar to it, and inactivate or kill it using chemicals, heat or radiation.
• This approach uses technology that’s been proven to work in people – this is the way the flu and polio vaccines are made – and vaccines can be manufactured on a reasonable scale.
• However, it requires special laboratory facilities to grow the virus or bacterium safely, can have a relatively long production time, and will likely require two or three doses to be administered.

Live-attenuated vaccine

• A live-attenuated vaccine uses a living but weakened version of the virus or one that’s very similar.
• The measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the chickenpox and shingles vaccine are examples of this type of vaccine.
• This approach uses similar technology to the inactivated vaccine and can be manufactured at scale.
• However, vaccines like this may not be suitable for people with compromised immune systems.

Viral vector vaccine

• This type of vaccine uses a safe virus to deliver specific sub-parts – called proteins – of the germ of interest so that it can trigger an immune response without causing disease.
• To do this, the instructions for making particular parts of the pathogen of interest are inserted into a safe virus.
• The safe virus then serves as a platform or vector to deliver the protein into the body.  The protein triggers the immune response.
• The Ebola vaccine is a viral vector vaccine and this type can be developed rapidly.

2. The subunit approach

• A subunit vaccine is one that only uses the very specific parts (the subunits) of a virus or bacterium that the immune system needs to recognize. It doesn’t contain the whole microbe or use a safe virus as a vector.
• The subunits may be proteins or sugars.
• Most of the vaccines on the childhood schedule are subunit vaccines, protecting people from diseases such as whooping cough, tetanus, diphtheria and meningococcal meningitis.

3. The genetic approach (nucleic acid vaccine)

• Unlike vaccine approaches that use either a weakened or dead whole microbe or parts of one, a nucleic acid vaccine just uses a section of genetic material that provides the instructions for specific proteins, not the whole microbe.
• DNA and RNA are the instructions our cells use to make proteins. In our cells, DNA is first turned into messenger RNA, which is then used as the blueprint to make specific proteins.
• The nucleic acid approach is a new way of developing vaccines. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, none had yet been through the full approvals process for use in humans, though some DNA vaccines, including for particular cancers, were undergoing human trials.