The obesity drugs waiting to hit the market

The obesity drugs waiting to hit the market

Subject: Science and Technology

Section: Health

Context:

• Novo Nordisk’s recent study demonstrates that its obesity drug Wegovy provides significant cardiovascular benefits in addition to its highly effective obesity treatment capabilities.
• Companies like Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, and Pfizer are actively pursuing a share in the lucrative obesity treatment market, which holds a potential value of up to $100 billion.

What is Obesity?

• Obesity is a chronic health condition characterized by the accumulation of excess body fat, leading to a high body mass index (BMI) of 30 or above.
• BMI Calculation: BMI is a straightforward formula where weight in kilograms is divided by the square of height in meters.

Causes and Implications of Obesity

Causes of Obesity:

• Genetic Factors: Family history and genetics influence metabolism and fat storage.
• Environmental Impact: High-calorie foods, large portions, and sedentary living contribute.
• Unhealthy Diet: Processed foods and excessive fats lead to weight gain.
• Lack of Exercise: Sedentary habits and reduced activity play a role.
• Emotional Eating: Stress-induced overeating adds to calorie intake.
• Metabolic Factors: Hormonal imbalances affect weight regulation.
• Childhood Influence: Early habits and parental behaviors persist.

Implications of Obesity:

• Cardiovascular Risks: Heart disease, hypertension, and stroke risks rise.
• Type 2 Diabetes: Obesity-related insulin resistance leads to diabetes.
• Joint Issues: Weight strains joints, causing pain and mobility problems.
• Respiratory Challenges: Obesity contributes to sleep apnea and breathing difficulties.
• Metabolic Syndrome: High blood pressure, sugar, and cholesterol elevate risks.
• Cancer Susceptibility: Obesity links to certain cancers like breast and colon.
• Psychological Impact: Depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem may result.
• Reduced Lifespan: Chronic disease risk shortens life expectancy.

Types of Treatment for Obesity:

• Dietary Modifications: Creating a calorie deficit through balanced diets and portion control.
• Physical Activity: Regular exercise helps burn calories, improve metabolism, and enhance overall well-being.
• Behavioral Therapy: Cognitive-behavioral strategies address unhealthy eating habits and promote long-term behavior change.
• Medications: Prescription drugs, such as appetite suppressants and fat absorption inhibitors, aid weight management.
• Bariatric Surgery Options: Different surgical procedures like gastric bypass, gastric sleeve, and adjustable gastric banding reduce stomach capacity.
• Multidisciplinary Approaches: Comprehensive treatment involving medical professionals, dietitians, psychologists, and physical therapists.
• Long-Term Maintenance: Focusing on sustainable lifestyle changes for weight maintenance after initial loss.

Indians Growing Fatter: NFHS-5 Data

Obesity Prevalence:

• Obesity rates in India have risen over 15 years, as per NFHS data.
• Nearly one in 16 women and one in 25 men is obese in India.
• 6.4% of women and 4.0% of men (15-49 age group) are obese.
• Obesity rates vary regionally, e.g., higher rates in Punjab, Delhi, and Goa.
• Wealth Gradient:
  • Wealthier individuals show higher obesity prevalence, especially women.
• Middle and higher-income groups experience sharper obesity increases.
  • Changing lifestyles and dietary habits contribute to this shift.
• Midlife Lifestyle:
  • Middle-aged individuals face sedentary habits and work-related pressures.
  • Reduced metabolism and hormonal changes contribute to increased obesity rates.

The following is a list of companies targeting obesity drugs: