Daily Prelims Notes 2 January 2024

January 2, 2024
Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team
Category: DPN

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Daily Prelims Notes

2 January 2024

Table Of Contents

1. Japan earthquake triggers tsunami warning: What is a tsunami, why does it keep forming in the island country?

Subject: Geography

Section: Physical geography

Context:

Tsunami waves hit several parts of Japan’s coastal areas and urgent evacuation warnings were issued after a 7.6-magnitude earthquake shook the country’s north-central region.

Tsunami:

Tsunami (a Japanese word that means “harbour wave”) is a series of giant ocean waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the ocean.
When an earthquake occurs under the ocean, a large chunk of the ocean floor can suddenly move upward or downward, leading to a sudden displacement of a large volume of water, thereby causing tsunami waves.
Similarly, the lava flowing out of the volcano displaces the water around it and that water can become a large wave.
Other factors that can cause tsunamis are- landslides, meteorites and asteroid impacts.

Characteristics:
- The formation of a tsunami can depend on a host of factors, including the shape of the ocean floor, and the earthquake’s distance and direction.
- Tsunami waves can be hundreds of feet tall and can travel as fast as jet planes over deep waters while slowing down when reaching shallow waters.
- Not all earthquakes or volcanic eruptions lead to tsunamis.
- Tsunamis generated in the open ocean appear to be only small waves.
- Tsunami waves become dangerous only when they get close to the coast.
- An increase in wave amplitude results in “shoaling” when waves, including tsunamis, run from deep to shallow water. This is significant in coastal regions. This phenomenon occurs because of the force from the seabed as it becomes shallower. This slows down the wave: the shallower the water, the slower the wave.

Why is Japan prone to earthquakes and tsunamis?

Japan is situated along the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’, which is the most active earthquake tectonic belt in the world.
The ‘ring’ refers to “an imaginary horseshoe-shaped zone that follows the rim of the Pacific Ocean”, where many of the world’s earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.
Within the Ring of Fire, there are different tectonic belts, including the Pacific Plate, Eurasian Plate, and Indo-Australian Plate, which keep meshing and colliding with each other, causing earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis.
The 2011 tsunami waves in Japan led to a nuclear meltdown at the Fukushima power plant, causing the most severe nuclear accident since the 1986 Chornobyl disaster in the Soviet Union.

Tsunami early warning system:

The tsunami early warning system is crucial in mitigating the devastating impact of these powerful waves that can reach heights of 66ft (20m) and travel at speeds exceeding 400 miles per hour (644 km/hr).
It consists of two key components: a sensor network to detect tsunamis and a communication infrastructure for timely alarms and coastal evacuation.
This system relies on seismic-monitoring stations and sea-level gauges to detect earthquakes and abnormal sea-level changes, helping scientists confirm a tsunami’s occurrence.
Despite its effectiveness, the system has limitations as it depends on physical measurements from buoys, and it can’t prevent sudden tsunamis that occur very close to the epicentre.
Efforts to enhance warning procedures include assessing t-wave energy as an indicator of earthquake-induced tsunami potential, but current systems still face challenges in providing instantaneous protection against rapidly approaching tsunamis.

Meteotsunami:

Meteotsunamis are large waves and unlike tsunamis triggered by seismic activity, meteotsunamis are driven by air-pressure disturbances often associated with fast-moving weather events, such as severe thunderstorms, squalls, and other storm fronts.
The storm generates a wave that moves towards the shore and is amplified by a shallow continental shelf and inlet, bay, or other coastal features.
Meteotsunamis have been observed to reach heights of 6 feet or more.
They occur in many places around the world, including the Great Lakes, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Coast, and the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas.

Source: Indian Express

2. India in 2023: strides in climate action, criticism of conservation

Subject : Environment

Section: Climate change

Context:

India spurred meaningful action to combat climate change and enhance wildlife conservation in 2023, but criticism arose regarding the cheetah translocation project and changes in forest and biodiversity laws.

India’s efforts to combat climate change:

India proposed to host the U.N. climate conference in 2028, or COP33, and also launched a ‘Green Credit Initiative’ focused on creating carbon sinks to address the challenges posed by a rapidly warming world.
At the climate summit in Dubai, developing countries, including India, asked rich nations to vacate carbon space by achieving negative carbon emissions (removing more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than emitted), not merely reaching net zero by 2050.
A group of international scientists said in December India’s per capita carbon dioxide emissions rose by around 5% in 2022 to reach two tonnes but these were still less than half of the global average (4.7 tonnes).
India reduced GDP emission intensity by 33% between 2005 and 2019, achieving the target 11 years in advance.
It also created an additional carbon sink of 1.97 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent during this period.

Wildlife conservation:

The tiger population in India increased from 2,967 in 2018 to 3,682 in 2022, showing a six per cent annual rise. Madhya Pradesh leads with 785 tigers, followed by Karnataka, Uttarakhand, and Maharashtra.
While tiger numbers increased in some regions, habitat loss, fragmentation, and poaching led to declines in the Western Ghats and Northeast-Brahmaputra Plains.
Cheetah conservation faced setbacks as imported cheetahs developed unexpected winter coats during Indian summers, causing fatal infections.
India launched the International Big Cat Alliance to conserve seven principal big cats, including tigers, lions, and cheetahs, open to 97 countries and organizations.
Forest law amendments sparked criticism, exempting certain forest lands from protection laws. This move impacted states and traditional forest communities, prompting concerns about forest conservation.
Changes to the Biological Diversity Act aimed to protect plants and resources, encouraging the growth of medicinal plants and easing research and patents. However, concerns arose as the new law reduced penalties for not sharing benefits with local communities holding traditional knowledge.

Source: The Hindu

3. PM Modi set to unveil North India’s first river rejuvenation project ‘Devika’

Subject :Geography

Section: Indian Physical Geography

Context:

North India’s first river rejuvenation project ‘Devika’ is in the final stages.

About ‘Devika’ project:

Built on the lines of ‘Namami Ganga’, the project was launched by the Prime Minister in February 2019.
Devika River, considered the sister of the sacred river Ganga, is undergoing a significant initiative called the Devika Rejuvenation Project.
- Devika River originates from the hilly Suddha Mahadev temple in the Udhampur district of Jammu and Kashmir and flows down towards western Punjab (now in Pakistan) where it merges with the Ravi River.
The project aims to maintain the river’s sanctity through Liquid Waste Management (LWM) and Solid Waste Management (SWM) systems in Udhampur, Jammu & Kashmir.
Managed by the Urban Environmental Engineering Department (UEED), the LWM project includes a network of pipes and manholes connecting households.
It’s a substantial investment, totalling over Rs 190 crore, with funding split 90:10 between the central government and the Union Territory (UT).
Alongside the LWM, the SWM project is critical for safeguarding the river’s sanctity.
The comprehensive plan involves constructing sewage treatment plants of various capacities (8 MLD, 4 MLD, and 1.6 MLD), a 129.27 km sewerage network, development of cremation ghats, protection measures like fencing and landscaping, small hydropower plants, and three solar power facilities.
The completion of these projects is anticipated to significantly reduce pollution and enhance the overall water quality of the rivers involved.

Source: Financial Express

4. Research underway to produce bioethanol and biohydrogen from silkworm-rearing waste

Subject :Science and Tech

Section: Biotechnology

Context:

The Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute (CSRTI) in Mysuru has taken up a pilot-scale project to produce bioethanol and biohydrogen from mulberry shoots and silkworm excrement.

Details:

The studies at CSRTI assume significance in the wake of the government of India’s plans to step up the blending of bioethanol with petrol as part of the efforts to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
During silkworm rearing, the larvae consume mulberry leaves and leave behind the shoot and its litter.
Currently, more than 10 lakh tonnes of mulberry shoots and a couple of thousand tonnes of silkworm litter are generated annually in India.
The mulberry shoot and silkworm litter contain more than 50 per cent cellulose, which is the raw material for the production of biorefineries.
These can be used for the production of 2G second-generation bioethanol and biohydrogen.

Ethanol:

Ethanol or ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) is a clear colourless liquid, it is biodegradable, low in toxicity and causes little environmental pollution if spilt.
Ethanol burns to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Ethanol is a high-octane fuel and has replaced lead as an octane enhancer in petrol. By blending ethanol with gasoline we can also oxygenate the fuel mixture so it burns more completely and reduces polluting emissions.
The most common blend is 10% ethanol and 90% petrol (E10).
Vehicle engines require no modifications to run on E10 and vehicle warranties are unaffected also. Only flexible fuel vehicles can run on up to 85% ethanol and 15% petrol blends (E85).

Bioethanol, derived from crops, offers several benefits compared to conventional fuels:

Sourced from renewable crops, it’s not reliant on finite resources (like cereals, sugar beet, and maize).
Reduces greenhouse gas emissions as fuel crops absorb CO2 during growth, aiding in cutting emissions from road transport, which contributes significantly to overall emissions.
Blending bioethanol with petrol extends the lifespan of dwindling oil supplies, ensuring better fuel security and reducing reliance on oil-producing nations.
Boosts the rural economy by promoting the cultivation of necessary crops.
Biodegradable and less toxic than fossil fuels, contributing to environmental preservation.
When used in older engines, it reduces carbon monoxide emissions, thereby enhancing air quality.
Easily integrates into the existing road transport fuel system without requiring engine modifications, allowing for blending of up to 5% with conventional fuel. Produced using familiar fermentation methods, it can be distributed through existing petrol forecourts and transportation systems.

Source: The Hindu

5. IIT-Delhi project looks to make biotherapeutics more accessible

Subject :Science and Tech

Section: Biotechnology

Context:

Biologic drugs used to treat cancer and other auto-immune disorders are often beyond the reach of patients, due to their high prices. But IIT-Delhi has developed a platform that strikes at one of the key reasons for the high price—manufacturing.

More About News:

IIT Delhi has developed a platform which tries to shift the manufacturing of drugs from batch to continuous Manufacturing process thereby reducing cost significantly.

Batch Process vs. Continuous Process

Batch manufacturing is a manufacturing process in which a specific quantity of a product is produced in a single production run. Then, the equipment is cleaned and prepared for the next production run.
Manufacturers use batch manufacturing for products made in small quantities or requiring a high level of customization. As a result, batch manufacturing provides more process control.
On the other hand, continuous manufacturing is continuous and ongoing rather than divided into discrete batches. In continuous manufacturing, raw materials are fed into the mixers at one end of the production process, and final products emerge from the other end.
Manufacturers often use continuous manufacturing for high-volume production, requiring top-level consistency and quality control.

What is a biologic drug (biologics)?

A biologic drug (biologics) is a product that is produced from living organisms or contain components of living organisms.
Biologic drugs include a wide variety of products derived from human, animal, or microorganisms by using biotechnology.
Types of biologic drugs include vaccines, blood, blood components, cells, allergens, genes, tissues, and recombinant proteins.
Biologic products may contain proteins that control the action of other proteins and cellular processes, genes that control production of vital proteins, modified human hormones, or cells that produce substances that suppress or activate components of the immune system.
Biologic drugs are sometimes referred to as biologic response modifiers because they change the manner of operation of natural biologic intracellular and cellular actions.

What are biologics used for?

Biologic drugs are used for treatment of numerous diseases and conditions, and are the most advanced therapies available. Some biologic drugs are used for the treatment of Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other autoimmune diseases.
Available biologics have revolutionized cancer treatment, delayed or reversed the course of immune related conditions, changed the lives of people with rare diseases, and have offered hope for many patients who previously had no effective treatment options for their condition.
Examples of medical uses for biologic drugs include: Various cancers, Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease etc.

6. How radiocarbon dating revolutionised science

Subject :Science and Tech

Section: Nuclear technology

Context:

The technology allowed scholars a clearer and measurable view of the past, clarifying the history of human migration, the rise and fall of civilisations, and undulations of the earth’s climate.

About Radiocarbon dating:

Radiocarbon Dating is a method by which the age of an object can be determined.
This technique involves a method that does this using radiocarbon, a name for the isotope carbon-14.

Process of Carbon-14 formation

It is created in the earth’s atmosphere when cosmic rays– energetic streams of charged particles coming from sources in outer space – slam into the atoms of the gases and release neutrons.
When these neutrons interact with the nitrogen-14 isotope, they can produce carbon-14.
Since cosmic rays are ceaselessly passing through the earth’s atmosphere, carbon-14 is created constantly there.
It readily combines with atmospheric oxygen to form radioactive carbon dioxide.
This compound then enters the bodies of plants (via photosynthesis), animals (when they consume plants), and other biomass through the carbon cycle.
It is in the form of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds, would have to be able to diffuse into the earth’s various ecosystems such that the concentration of carbon-14 in the atmosphere was comparable to the concentration of carbon-14 in the planet’s other biospheres.

Radiocarbon dating Working Process

When an organic entity – like the human body – is ‘alive’, it constantly exchanges carbon with its surroundings by breathing, consuming food, defecating, shedding skin, etc.
Through these activities, carbon-14 is both lost from the body as well as replenished, so its concentration in the body is nearly constant and in equilibrium with its surroundings.
When this individual dies, the body no longer performs these activities and the concentration of carbon-14 in the body begins to dwindle through radioactive decay.
The more time passes, the more the amount of carbon-14 lost, and the less there will remain. This decay rate can be predicted from theory.
Radiocarbon dating dates an object by measuring the amount of carbon-14 left, which scientists and/or computers can use to calculate how long ago the body expired.
The modern radiocarbon dating setup is more sophisticated and one of the most sensitive dating setups uses accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), which can work with organic samples as little as 50 mg.

7. Directives issued by RBI on Inoperative Accounts

Subject :Economy

Section: Monetary Policy

Annual Review of Dormant Accounts:
- Central Bank instructed to conduct an annual review of accounts with no customer-induced transactions for over a year.
- Term deposit accounts without explicit renewal mandates, where funds remain unwithdrawn after maturity, are also subject to review.
- Zero-balance accounts opened for the credit of scholarship amount or Direct Benefit Transfer under government schemes are exempted.
- Cautionary communication stating that the account will be deemed ‘inoperative’ without transactions during the extended period.
Account Classification:
- The classification of inoperative accounts is specific to each customer account, not across multiple accounts of the same custome
Reactivation Procedures:
- Inoperative accounts may be reactivated, subject to fresh KYC documentation and a second level of authorization.
- Banks to enquire about the whereabouts of unresponsive account holders or nominees/heirs.
Fraud Prevention Measures:
- Regular monitoring of reactivated inoperative accounts for at least six months without customer or staff knowledge.
- Maintenance of system logs and concurrent audit for inoperative and reactivated accounts.
- Consideration of imposing a cooling-off period on reactivation, with restrictions on the number and amount of transactions.
Disclosure Requirements:
- Banks obligated to display details of unclaimed deposits transferred to the RBI-maintained Depositor Education and Awareness Fund (DEA) monthly.
- Provision of information on the process for activating inoperative accounts and claiming balances.
Fund Transfer to DEA:
- Credit balance in deposit accounts inactive for at least 10 years or unclaimed amounts for 10 years to be transferred to the DEA Fund.

Unclaimed Deposits:

Unclaimed deposits refer to the funds held in bank accounts that remain untouched or unclaimed for a period of 10 years.
After the specified period, unclaimed deposits are transferred to the Depositor Education & Awareness Fund (DEA) maintained by the RBI. The DEA Fund is utilized for promoting depositor education and awareness initiatives.

Depositor Education and Awareness (DEA) Fund Scheme

The Depositor Education and Awareness Fund (DEA) is a fund maintained by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) with the objective of promoting depositor education and awareness. It serves as a mechanism to utilize unclaimed deposits that have been inactive for a specified period, 10 years, and unpaid matured deposits in the banking system for a productive purpose.

Objective of DEA Fund Scheme:
- Established by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in 2014.
- Create awareness among depositors and protect their interests regarding unclaimed deposits.
Source of Funds:
- Unclaimed deposits in savings, fixed, recurring, and other deposit accounts contribute to the DEA. Additionally, matured deposits that remain unclaimed are also transferred to this fund.
Management:
- The RBI manages and maintains the DEA Fund.
Public Awareness:
- Activities funded by DEA aim to raise public awareness about the importance of financial planning, safe banking practices, and understanding banking terms and conditions.
Contributions to DEA Fund:
- Public sector banks: Transferred Rs 36,185 crores of unclaimed deposits until March 31, 2023.
- Private banks: Transferred Rs 6,087 crores to the DEA Fund during the same period.
- Collective effort to address unclaimed deposits and prioritize consumer welfare.
Centralized Web Facility:
- RBI’s plan to establish a centralized web facility.
- Public can use the web facility to locate unclaimed deposits across various financial institutions.
- Aims to enhance consumer accessibility, facilitate the resolution process, and ensure rightful claimants receive unclaimed funds.

Other RBI Schemes:

RBI Retail Direct Scheme:
- This scheme provides a direct avenue for retail investors to invest in government securities issued by both the central and state governments.
RBI Integrated Ombudsman Scheme:
- Introduced to enhance the grievance redress mechanism, this scheme facilitates the resolution of customer complaints against entities regulated by the RBI.
Payments Vision 2025:
- This initiative outlines the RBI’s vision for the year 2025 with the objective of providing users with safe, secure, fast, convenient, accessible, and affordable e-payment options.

8. India Records Trade Deficit With Nine Top Trading Partners in April-October FY24: Report

Subject :Economy

Section: External Sector

Context:

India’s total merchandise exports decreased by 6.51% to $278.8 billion in April-November period of FY24.India’s imports fell by 8.67% to $445.15 billion during the same period.

More on news:

During the first seven months of the fiscal year 2023-24, India experienced a trade deficit with nine of its top ten trade partners except the US.

Findings in the Report:

The trade surplus with the US (India’s largest trading partner) amounted to $19.59 billion.
Deficits with China, Russia, and the UAE reached $51.11 billion, $33.56 billion, and $6.83 billion, respectively

Imports from Russia: India imports petrol, high calorific value coal, coke and briquettes, and fertilizer, especially potash from Russia
Exports: Declination in exports of gems and jewelry to Hong Kong and the US.
Trade deficits were also recorded with Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Iraq, Singapore, and South Korea.
India – Indonesia: The trade deficit among the two countries is because of edible oil. It was getting normalized because of rice and sugar exports to them but now those are restricted and the deficit has increased
India has traditionally had a deficit with Korea despite the two inking a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement in 2009.
India -Iran Trade prospects:
India’s exports to Iran dipped 47% year-on-year to $567 million in April-October 2023.
The Israel-Hamas war has severely damaged revival prospects of these exports.
The decrease is attributed to a minimal rupee balance in the rupee-rial account.
India still imports certain agricultural products from Iran, such as saffron, which generates rupee balance.
Non-functional rupee-rial mechanism: Suspended oil imports accounted for non functional rupee rial mechanism.
Iran has reduced its tea and rice imports from India because of foreign exchange issues and finalization of the rupee-payment mechanism.

About Federation of Indian Export Organisations:

Establishment: Federation of Indian Export Organisations, popularly known as FIEO, was set up in 1965 as an Apex Body of Export Promotion Organisations in the country.
Registration: FIEO is registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 with its Headquarters in Delhi, Regional Offices in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata
Purpose: FIEO provides the crucial interface between the international trading community of India and the Central and State Governments, financial institutions, ports, railways, surface transport and all engaged in export trade facilitation.

About Free Trade Agreements:

A Free trade Agreement (FTA) is an agreement between two or more countries or trading blocs that primarily agree to reduce or eliminate custom tariffs and non tariff barriers on substantial trade between them.
India has signed bilateral trade deals in the form of Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)/ Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA)/FTA/Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) with some 18 groups/countries.

Balance of trade:

Balance of trade (BOT) refers to the difference between the value of a country’s exports and the value of a country’s imports for a given period.
BOT is the largest component of a country’s balance of payments (BOP).

9. Schemes for Slum Dwellers and Urban Poor

Subject :Geography

Section: Economic and Human geography

Context:

One in every six urban Indians lives in slums. In Andhra Pradesh one in every three urban households is a slum.
Nine out of every 10 slum households in Odisha are either without a drainage connection or connected to an open drain.

About Slums:

According to the 2011 census, around 6.5 crore of the Indian population live in slums, of which 1.18 crore live in Maharashtra.
The present population living in the Indian slum is more than the British population.
Some of the world’s largest slums exist in India like Dharavi Slum of Mumbai, Bhalswa Slum of Delhi, Nochikuppam slum (Chennai), Rajendra Nagar Slum (Bangalore) and Basanti Slum (Kolkata).
Slums are so common that they are found in 65 per cent of the Indian towns.
The number of slums has reduced from 51,688 in 2002 to 33,510 in 2012 as per 58th and 69th round Survey of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) on urban slums respectively.
Regional Distribution in the country :

Nine states have higher slum populations than the national average.
Andhra Pradesh with 1% of its urban population living in slums , tops the list.
Other states are: Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal, Sikkim, Jammu & Kashmir and Haryana.

Problems Faced by Slums:

According to State of India’s Environment in Figures 2019, a huge chunk of slum households in Odisha do not have access to treated tap water (64.9%) and are either without a drainage connection or connected to an open drain (90.6%).
Six out of 10 slum dwellers live close to unsanitary drains and almost four of every 10 do not get treated water.
Majority of the residents are rickshaw pullers, sex workers, small seasonal vendors, house maid servants with a family income ranging from Rs 1500 to Rs 3000.
11,92,428 out of 137,49,424 slum households depend on untreated water for drinking.
63% slum households in India are either without a drainage connection or are connected to open drains.

Responsibility of center and state:

Development of urban infrastructure is a State subject.: It is the responsibility of the States / Union Territories (UTs) to frame policies and implement schemes for improving the quality of life for all including the poor and the disadvantaged people residing in its cities.
Land and colonization are State subjects. The schemes related to housing including rehabilitation of slum dwellers are implemented by States/ Union Territories (UTs).
Public health and sanitation are State subjects. The primary responsibility of strengthening public health and sanitation in all urban areas including slums lies with the respective State/UT Governments.

Initiatives taken by Government:

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban):Central Assistance of Rs. 1 lakh per house is admissible for all houses built for eligible slum dwellers under the component of ISSR using land as Resource with participation of private developers.

Eligible beneficiaries can avail the benefit of PMAY-U through available four verticals i.e. Beneficiary-led Construction (BLC), Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP), In-Situ Slum Redevelopment (ISSR) and Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS).
The ISSR component of the Scheme specifically deals with slum redevelopment using land as a resource.

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation(AMRUT):AMRUT was launched on 25thJune 2015 with focus on the development of basic urban infrastructure in the sectors of water supply, sewerage and septage management, storm water drainage, non-motorised urban transport and development of green spaces and parks in 500 selected cities across the country.
Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban (SBM):The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched in It aims to eradicate Manual Scavenging by converting insanitary toilets to sanitary. Modern and Scientific Municipal Solid Waste Management.
National Health Mission: The mission was launched in 2013 subsuming National Rural Health Mission(NRHM) and National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) .
The NHM envisages achievement of universal access to equitable, affordable & quality health care services that are accountable and responsive to people’s needs. NHM encompasses its two Sub-Missions, The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and The National Urban Health Mission (NUHM).
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) launched in 2005 by the Ministry of Housing and urban affairs. It consists of two subcomponents namely Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) and Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG).

The UIDSSMT and UIG component was for infrastructure development with Central Assistance (CA) in small and medium towns of the States/Union Territories (UTs), whereas UIG component was for infrastructure development with central assistance in large Cities.