A new target found to combat AMR Salmonella

  • October 30, 2022
  • Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team
  • Category: DPN Topics
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A new target found to combat AMR Salmonella

Subject: Environment

Context-

  • The rapid and unselective use of traditional antibiotics gives rise to the emergence of drug-resistant phenotype in typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella serovars, which has increased the difficulties in curing Salmonella-induced foodborne illnesses (majorly typhoid or paratyphoid fever, gastroenteritis, and diarrhoea) worldwide.

What is Salmonella-

  • A group of bacteria that can cause food-borne illnesses known as salmonellosis.

What is Salmonella typhimurium-

  • Salmonella typhimurium ST313, an invasivenontyphoidal Salmonella serovar, causes bloodstream infection in the malnourished and immunocompromised population of subSaharan Africa.
  • Recent studies have reported the emergence of a multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype in Salmonella tphimurium DT104, which causes infection in humans and cattle.
  • The continuous adaptation of this bacteria to the available antibiotics creates a risk of developing antimicrobial resistance in the future.

Increased resistance to antibiotics-

  • The MDR phenotype in this pathogen was provided by Salmonella Genomic Island1 (SGI1), which confers protection against a wide range of antibiotics, including ampicillin (pse1), chloramphenicol/ florfenicol (floR), streptomycin/ spectinomycin (aadA2), sulphonamides (sul1), and tetracycline (tetG) (ACSSuT).
    • Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is defined as a lack of susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more chemical classes of antibiotics.
  • Further emergence of extensivelydrug-resistant (XDR) S. Typhimurium ST313 (having multidrug-resistant (MDR) and resistance against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and azithromycin) in Africa posed a significant threat to global health.
    • Extensive Drug Resistance (XDR) typhoid is caused by a strain that is resistant to at least five antibiotic classes recommended for treating typhoid fever.
  • Recent studies reported an annual incidence of as many as 360 cases of typhoid fever per 1,00,000 people, with an annual estimate of 4.5 million cases and 8,930 deaths (0.2% fatality rate) in India.

Critical role of OmpA protein-

  • Outer Membrane Protein A (OmpA) is one of the most abundant barrel-shaped porin protein localised in the outer membrane of Salmonella.
  • A recent study showed that the removal of OmpA results in a greater intake of antibacterial drugs which ultimately killed the mutant bacteria.
  • Administration of ceftazidime (Antibiotic) in mice infected with the OmpA-deleted strain of Salmonella cured the infection and proved that OmpA plays a crucial role in antimicrobial resistance.

Typhoid-

  • Typhoid fever is a life-threatening systemic infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (commonly known as Salmonella Typhi) carried only by humans – no other animal carrier has been found.

Transmission-

  • Typhoid fever is transmitted by the faecal-oral route, through ingestion of contaminated food or water.
  • Travellers are at high risk of developing typhoid fever in many typhoid-endemic countries. This includes parts of Asia (especially India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh), Africa, the Caribbean, Central and South America, and the Middle East.
A new target found to combat AMR Salmonella Environment