Daily Prelims Notes 14 August 2021

August 14, 2021
Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team
Category: DPN

Daily Prelims Notes

14 August 2021

Table Of Contents

Subject – Environment

Context – Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change has notified the Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021.

Concept –

In the 4th United Nations Environment Assembly held in 2019, India had piloted a resolution on addressing single-use plastic products pollution, recognizing the urgent need for the global community to focus on this very important issue. The adoption of this resolution at UNEA was a significant step.
The manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use of the identified single-use plastic will be prohibited with effect from the 1^st July, 2022.
The ban will not apply to commodities made of compostable plastic.
For banning other plastic commodities in the future, other than those that have been listed in this notification, the government has given industry ten years from the date of notification for compliance.
The permitted thickness of the plastic bags, currently 50 microns, will be increased to 75 microns from 30^th September, 2021, and to 120 microns from the 31^st December, 2022.
Plastic bags with higher thickness are more easily handled as waste and have higher recyclability.
Legal Framework for Banning Plastic: Currently, the Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, prohibits manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use of carry bags and plastic sheets less than 50 microns in thickness in the country.
Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules, 2021 amend the 2016 rules.
Implementing Agency: The Central Pollution Control Board, along with state pollution bodies, will monitor the ban, identify violations, and impose penalties already prescribed under the Environmental Protection Act, 1986.

Single Use Plastics

Single-use plastics, or disposable plastics, are used only once before they are thrown away or recycled.
Plastic is so cheap and convenient that it has replaced all other materials from the packaging industry but it takes hundreds of years to disintegrate.
If we look at the data, out of46 million tonnes of plastic waste generated every year in our country, 43% is single use plastic.
Further, Petroleum-based plastic is non biodegradable and usually goes into a landfill where it is buried or it gets into the water and finds its way into the ocean.
Pollution due to single use plastic items has become an important environmental challenge confronting all countries and India is committed to take action for mitigation of pollution caused by littered Single Use Plastics.
The Prime Minister of India was also conferred the “champions of the earth” award by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 2018 for pledging to eliminate all single-use plastic by 2022.

2. GM Food Crops Regulation

Subject – Environment

Context – Regulation of GM food subject to life inside it: Activists decry Centre’s strange decision.

Concept –

The Environment (Protection) Act 1989 Rules for the Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro Organisms / Genetically Engineered Organisms (GMOs) or Cells are clearly applicable to not just genetically engineered organisms or living modified organisms (LMOs), but also products and substances related to LMOs.
Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC), which functions under the environment ministry, is responsible for the clearance to GM crops.
GEAC should perform safety assessment on products and substances derived from GMOs as well. The GEAC could not abdicate its responsibility towards regulating to protect the environment, nature and health.
The Food and Safety Standards Authority of India or FSSAI told the ministry of fisheries that animal feed was not regulated under the FSSAI Act, 2006 as anything that was non-food (not consumed by humans) was not part of its mandate.

3. Vehicle Scrappage Policy Launched

Subject – Infrastructure

Context – Prime Minister while addressing the Investor Summit in Gujarat via video conferencing launched the Vehicle Scrapping Policy/National Automobile Scrappage Policy.

Concept –

The policy is estimated to cover 51 lakh Light Motor Vehicles (LMVs) that are above 20 years of age and another 34 lakh LMVs above 15 years of age.

What is the scrapping policy?

The vehicle scrapping policy is aimed at creating an ecosystem for phasing out unfit and polluting vehicles in an environment friendly and safe manner.
The policy intends to create scrapping infrastructure in the form of automated testing stations and registered vehicle scrapping facilities across the country.

Guidelines
Union minister Nitin Gadkari said that commercial vehicles over 15 years old and personal vehicles over 20 years old will be marked for scrapping if they fail to pass the test.

The new regime, aimed at cleaner emissions, fuel efficiency and better safety, will start mandatory testing of heavy commercial vehicles from April 2023 and for other categories, in a phased manner, from June 2024.
For vehicles owned by governments and allied entities like PSUs, the policy will kick in earlier, from April 2022.

For now, vintage cars will be exempted from this policy, separate guidelines will be later formulated to regulate them.

Incentives- Vehicle scrapping policy provides incentives for purchase of new vehicle against scrapping certificates of old vehicle with road tax rebate up to 25 per cent; waiver of registration fee; and discount by vehicle manufacturers.

Provisions:

Fitness Test – Old vehicles will have to pass a fitness test before re-registration and as per the policy government commercial vehicles more than 15 years old and private vehicles which are over 20 years old will be scrapped.
- Old vehicles will be tested at authorized Automated Fitness Center and will not be scrapped merely on the basis of age.
- Emission test, braking system, safety components will be tested and the vehicles which fail in the fitness test will be scrapped.
- If the old vehicle passes the test, the owner can continue to use it, but the charges for reregistration will be much steeper.
- The Union Road and Transport Ministry has also issued rules for registration procedure for scrapping facilities, their powers, and scrapping procedure to be followed.
Road Tax Rebate – The state governments may be advised to offer a road-tax rebate of up to 25% for personal vehicles and up to 15% for commercial vehicles to provide incentive to owners of old vehicles to scrap old and unfit vehicles.
Vehicle Discount – Vehicle manufacturers will also give a discount of 5% to people who will produce the ‘Scrapping Certificate’ and registration fees will be waived off on the purchase of a new vehicle.
Disincentive – As a disincentive, increased re-registration fees would be applicable for vehicles 15 years or older from the initial date registration.

4. Warming of Oceans

Subject – Environment

Context – The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report has warned that ocean warming will continue over the 21st century and is likely to continue until at least the year 2300 even if we minimise carbon emissions.

Concept –

The amount of ocean warming observed since 1971 will likely at least double by 2100 under a low warming scenario and will increase by 4-8 times under a high warming scenario,” warns the report, adding that human influence is the main driver of the warming.
This warming can help create both anoxic (waters that have no dissolved oxygen) and hypoxic (low oxygen concentration) zones. The report adds that these oxygen-deficient areas are expected to persist for thousands of years.
Previous studies have noted that warming oceans can cause stress, decrease the range, increase diseases and even wipe out many commonly eaten fish. Last year, a study noted that future ocean warming and acidification may drag down the commercial Arctic cod fishery by 2100.
Several species were noted to migrate poleward or to deeper waters to stay in their ideal temperature range.
A new research published suggested that fish like sardines, pilchards and herring will become smaller in size and not be able to move to better environments.
Though the team studied Clupeiforms – the order of ray-finned fish which includes anchovies, Atlantic herring, Japanese pilchard, Pacific herring, and South American pilchard – they note that the findings have implications for all fish.
As temperature increases, the demand for oxygen of many fish species will exceed their capacity to extract oxygen from the environment through their gills. As a result, the aerobic capacity of fish decreases in warming waters, and this reduction may be more important in larger fishes. This tells us that global warming could limit the aerobic capacity of fish, impairing their physiological performance in the future.
The modern version of Darwin’s idea of evolution by natural selection posits that organisms with genes that favour survival and reproduction will tend to leave more offspring than their peers, causing the genes to increase in frequency over generations.

5. New Ramsar sites

Subject – Environment

Context: Four more wetlands from India get recognition from the Ramsar Secretariat as Ramsar sites. These sites are Thol and Wadhwana from Gujarat and Sultanpur and Bhindawas from Haryana. Informing this in a tweet message, Union Environment Minister

Concept:

The Ramsar Convention signed on 2nd February, 1971, is one of the oldest inter-governmental accord signed by member countries to preserve the ecological character of their wetlands of international importance.
The aim of the Ramsar list is to develop and maintain an international network of wetlands which are important for the conservation of global biological diversity and for sustaining human life through the maintenance of their ecosystem components, processes and benefits.
The number of Ramsar sites in India are 46 and the surface area covered by these sites is now 1,083,322 hectares.

Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary,

It is the largest wetland in Haryana is a human-made freshwater wetland.
Its first Ramsar sites of Haryana.
Over 250 bird species use the sanctuary throughout the year as a resting and roosting site.
The site supports more than ten globally threatened species including the endangered Egyptian Vulture, Steppe Eagle, Pallas’s Fish Eagle, and Black-bellied Tern.

Sultanpur National Park

It is also from Haryana supports more than 220 species of resident, winter migratory and local migratory water birds at critical stages of their life cycles.
After Nalsarovar which was declared in 2012, these are the other ramsar sites declared.
More than ten of these are globally threatened, including the critically endangered sociable lapwing, and the endangered Egyptian Vulture, Saker Falcon, Pallas’s Fish Eagle and Black-bellied Tern.

Thol Lake Wildlife Sanctuary

It is from Gujarat lies on the Central Asian Flyway and more than 320 bird species can be found here.
The wetland supports more 30 threatened waterbird species, such as the critically endangered White-rumped Vulture and Sociable Lapwingand the vulnerable Sarus Crane, Common Pochard and Lesser White-fronted Goose.

Wadhvana Wetland

It is also from Gujarat is internationally important for its birdlife as it provides wintering ground to migratory water birds, including over 80 species that migrate on the Central Asian Flyway.
They include some threatened or near-threatened species such as the endangered Pallas’s fish-Eagle, the vulnerable Common Pochard, and the near-threatened Dalmatian Pelican, Grey-headed Fish-eagle and Ferruginous Duck.

6. National Commission for Protection of Child Right (NCPCR)

Subject – Polity

Context – First Twitter, now Insta: NCPCR wants FB to act on Rahul profile

Concept –

Set up in March 2007 under the Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005.
It works under the administrative control of the Ministry of Women & Child Development.
Definition: The Child is defined as a person in the 0 to 18 years age group.
The Commission’s Mandate isto ensure that all Laws, Policies, Programmes, and Administrative Mechanisms are in consonance with the Child Rights perspective as enshrined in the Constitution of India and also the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
Under the RTE Act, 2009, the NCPCR can:
- inquire into complaints about violation of the law.
- summon an individual and demand evidence.
- seek a magisterial enquiry.
- file a writ petition in the High Court or Supreme Court.
- approach the government concerned for prosecution of the offender.
- recommend interim relief to those affected.
Composition:
- This commission has a chairperson and six members of which at least two should be women.
- All of them are appointed by Central Government for three years.
- The maximum age to serve in commission is 65 years for Chairman and 60 years for members.
It monitors the implementation of Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012.

7. Karez System of Irrigation

Subject – Agriculture

Context – The Taliban are set to overtake Kabul; but an expert believes they will spare the age-old Karez system of underground aqueducts in the country given its importance

Concept –

This is a system of underground vertical shafts in a gently sloping tunnel that is built from an upland aquifer to ground level, is in fact present in several countries.
Some historians and archaeologists have attributed people in the southeast Arabian Peninsula as the first developers. Others, however, ascribe it to the ancient Persians.
The Qanat / Karez system, wherever it was developed, soon spread to many Persian, Arab and Turkic lands. It even came to the Indian Subcontinent during the 800-year-old Islamic Period.
Thousands of miles away from West Asia, the ancient peoples of Peru’s Pacific coastal desert also independently developed a similar system called ‘puquios’.
The system was brought in the Indian Subcontinent during the Bahamani Sultanate, founded by Alaudin Bahman Shah. It later broke into five other Sultantates: Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar and Berar.
Water in them does not evaporate and is also filtered till it comes to the surface. There is no depletion of the aquifer since excessive use is impossible. Its maintenance is also low-cost.

8. Arunachal Pradesh ST list

Subject – Polity

Context – Parliament has passed the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Bill 2021. It seeks to amend the nomenclature of certain tribes from Arunachal Pradesh.

Constitutional Provision –

Article 342(A) provides, as in the case of SCs, that there will be a Presidential list issued first in consultation with the governor of the state and any subsequent change in the list can be made only by parliamentary law.

Procedure –

If this bill goes through, inclusion or exclusion of any caste subsequent to the initial press notification can be done only by an act of Parliament as in the case of SC and ST. In the case of SCs the criteria is untouchability.
In the case of STs, the community must be shown to be a tribe which is isolated, and lives in vulnerable conditions. This has to be proved anthropologically.
This is ensured by the long established process of referring every proposal for inclusion in the SC and ST list to the Registered General of India (RGI) that has an expert anthropological wing.
Following this, the government moves a bill in the Parliament.

9. International Financial Service Centre (IFSC)

Subject – Economy

Context – The IFSC should turn its attention towards increasing the pool of investors in GIFT city.

Concept –

An IFSC caters to customers outside the jurisdiction of the domestic economy. Such centres deal with flows of finance, financial products and services across borders.
An expert panel headed by former World Bank economist Percy Mistry submitted a report on making Mumbai an international financial centre in 2007. However, the global financial crisis in 2008 made countries including India cautious about rapidly opening up their financial sectors.
In India, IFSC has been defined in SEZ Act, 2005.As per the act:
- The Central Government may approve the setting up of an International Financial Service Centre in a Special Economic Zone and may prescribe the requirements for setting up and operation of such centre.
- The Central Government shall approve only one International Financial Services Centre in a Special Economic Zone.
Since India has many restrictions on the financial sector, such as partial capital account convertibility, high SLR (statutory liquidity ratio) requirements and foreign investment restrictions, an SEZ can serve as a testing ground for financial sector reforms before they are rolled out in the entire nation.
GIFT (Gujarat International Finance Tec-City), located in Gandhinagar is India’s first International Financial Services Centre.
Composition: The Authority shall consist of a Chairperson, one Member each to be nominated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI), the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) and the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority(PFRDA), two members to be dominated by the Central Government and two other whole-time or full-time or part-time members.
Functions: The Authority shall regulate all such financial services, financial products and Financial Institutions in an IFSC. It may also recommend to the Central Government such other financial products, financial services and financial institutions which may be permitted in the IFSCs.
Powers: All powers exercisable by the respective financial sector regulatory (viz. RBI, SEBI, IRDAI, and PFRDA etc.) under the respective Acts shall be solely exercised by the Authority in the IFSCs in so far as the regulation of financial products, financial services and FIs that are permitted in the IFSC are concerned.
Transactions in foreign currency: The transactions of financial services in the IFSCs shall be done in the foreign currency as specified by the Authority in consultation with the Central Govt.
The Union Cabinet has approved International Financial Services Centres Authority Bill, 2019 which seeks to establish a unified authority for regulating all financial services in International Financial Services Centres (IFSCs) in India.

10. Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana

Subject – Governance

Context – AB-PMJAY gave Rs.2794cr for COVID treatment

Concept –

Ayushman Bharat is a flagship initiative that attempts to move away from the sectoral and segmented approach of service delivery to a comprehensive need-based health care service. It has been launched by the government with an aim to move towards a provision of universal healthcare in the country.
Ayushman Bharat adopts a two-pronged approach:
- Firstly, the creation of health and wellness centres to bring health care closer to homes.
- Secondly, the formulation of a Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY)to protect poor and vulnerable families against financial risk arising out of catastrophic health episodes.
PMJAY offers a sum insured of Rs.5 lakh per family for secondary care (which doesn’t involve a super specialist) as well as tertiary care (which does). For the beneficiaries, this is a free scheme.
It is an entitlement-based scheme that targets the beneficiaries as identified by latest Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data.
Individuals can walk into any empanelled hospital that can process cashless payments.
Once identified by the database, the beneficiary is considered insured.
The insurance cost is shared by the centre and the state mostly in the ratio of 60:40.
Empanelled hospitals agree to the packaged rates under PMJAY—there are about 1,400 packaged rates for various medical procedures under the scheme.
- These packaged rates also mention the number of average days of hospitalization for a medical procedure and supporting documents that are needed.
- These rates are flexible, but once fixed hospitals can’t change it and under no circumstances can they charge the beneficiary. The scheme also has prescribed a daily limit for medical management.
National Health Agency has been constituted as an autonomous entity under the Society Registration Act, 1860 for effective implementation of PMJAY in alliance with state governments.

11. Intranasal Vaccines

Subject – Science and tech

Context – Intranasal vaccine gets nod for phase 2/3 trials

Concept –

Nasal Covid Vaccine has been developed by Bharat Biotech called BBV154.
Vaccine has successfully completed Phase 1 clinical trial in age groups of 18 to 60 years.
According to the officials, doses of this vaccine administered to healthy volunteers in Phase I clinical trial were well-tolerated.
It was found to be safe, immunogenic and well tolerated during the pre-clinical toxicity studies.
It was able to evoke high level of neutralizing antibodies in studies on animals.
The nasal vaccine is the first of its kind COVID-19 vaccine that is undergoing human clinical trials in India.
It is a novel adenovirus vectored; intranasal vaccine developed to build immunity against COVID-19. The vaccine stimulates a broad immune response which neutralizes IgG, mucosal IgA, as well as T cell responses. It has been developed with the view that, Immune responses at the site of infection (nasal mucosa) is needed to block both infection and transmission of COVID-19.
This vaccine is significant because the nasal route has high potential to vaccination due to organized immune systems of nasal mucosa.
It is Non-invasive and Needle-free.
It does not require trained health care workers for its administration. Thus, it could increase the pace of vaccination.
Intranasal vaccines may be most beneficial for special populations:
children (easy to use, non-invasive)
elderly patients (easy to use, non-invasive)
HIV-infected patients (no fear for needle stick injuries)
multi-morbid patients (fed up with injections)

12. Balwant Moreshwar Purandare

Subject: History

Context: The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi has paid rich tributes to Baba Saheb Purandare ji on entering the 100th year of his life.

Concept:

Balwant Moreshwar Purandare(born 29 July 1922), popularly known as Babasaheb Purandare is a writer and theatre personality from Maharashtra, India
Baba Saheb Purandare’s contributions from the Goa Mukti Sangram to the Dadar Nagar Haveli freedom struggle.
He is famously entitled as Shiv Shahir i.e. ‘Shivaji’s poet’.
His famous work:He is being credited with writing the first historical work on 16th century Great Maratha king Chattrapati Shivaji. He is best known for his book Raja Shiv Chhatrapati and popular play Janata Raja.

Chattrapti Shivaji Maharaj. Hindavi Swaraj

The empire extended from Attock, which today lies in Pakistan, to Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu
Shivaji wished for Hindavi Swarajya. Which meant “Indian independence from foreign rule”
Raireshwar is the place where Shivaji’s oath of ‘Swarajya’

13. ONDC

Subject: Economy

Context: Union Minister of Commerce & Industry Shri Piyush Goyal today chaired a meeting for the review of the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) initiative of DPIIT.

Concept:

Open Network for Digital Commerce christened ONDC is globally first-of-its-kind initiative that aims to democratise Digital Commerce, moving it from a platform-centric model to an open-network.
ONDC is for e-commerce in India. ONDC will enable, buyers and sellers to be digitally visible and transact through an open network, no matter what platform/application they use.
ONDC will empower merchants and consumers by breaking silos to form a single network to drive innovation and scale, transforming all businesses from retail goods, food to mobility
The ONDC is a project of the DPIIT, implementation is assigned to the Quality Council of India (QCI)
ONDC is expected to digitise the entire value chain, standardise operations, promote inclusion of suppliers, derive efficiency in logistics and enhance value for consumers.
Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) project that is aimed at curbing “digital monopolies”. This is a step in the direction of making e-commerce processes open source, thus creating a platform that can be utilised by all online retailers
It is expected to digitise the entire value chain, standardise operations, promote inclusion of suppliers, derive efficiency in logistics and enhance value for consumers.

ONDC shall take all measures to ensure confidentiality & privacy of data in the network

ONDC shall not mandate sharing of any transaction-level data by participants with ONDC.
ONDC will work with its participants to publish anonymised aggregate metrics on network performance without compromising on confidentiality and privacy
ONDC will be compliant with the Information Technology Act, 2000 and designed for compliance with the emerging Personal Data Protection Bill.

14. Partition of British India (1940-1950)

Subject: History

Context: The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi has said that in memory of the struggles and sacrifices of our people, 14th August will be observed as Partition Horrors Remembrance Day.

Concept:

Pakistan Resolution—Lahore (March 1940)

The Muslim League passed a resolution calling for “grouping of geographically contiguous areas where Muslims are in majority (North-West, East) into independent states in which constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign and adequate safeguards to Muslims where they are in minority

August Offer

Linlithgow announced the August Offer (August 1940) which proposed, no future constitution to be adopted without the consent of minorities.

C. Rajagopalachari Formula

C. Rajagopalachari (CR), prepared a formula for Congress-League cooperation in 1944. It was a tacit acceptance of the League’s demand for Pakistan.
Jinnah wanted the Congress to accept the two-nation theory. He wanted only the Muslims of North-West and North-East to vote in the plebiscite and not the entire population

Wavell plan

The viceroy, Lord Wavell was permitted to start negotiations with Indian leaders. The League claimed some kind of veto in the council. Wavell announced a breakdown of talks thus giving the League a virtual veto. This strengthened the League’s position

The Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission Plan was against the creation of Pakistan since grouping was option; one constituent assembly was envisaged; and the League no longer had a veto. Muslim League. The Muslim League believed Pakistan to be implied in compulsory grouping.

Direct action

The Muslim League on June 6 and the Congress on June 24, 1946 accepted the long-term plan put forward by the Cabinet Mission, July 29, 1946 The League withdrew its acceptance of the long-term plan in response to Nehru’s statement and gave a call for “direct action” from August 16 to achieve Pakistan.
Government headed by Nehru was sworn in on September 2, 1946 with Nehru continuing to insist on his party’s opposition to the compulsory grouping. Wavell quietly brought the Muslim League into the Interim Government on October 26, 1946. The League was allowed to join without giving up the ‘direct action’.

Indian Independence Act

Mountbatten Plan, June 3, 1947: The freedom-with-partition formula was coming to be widely accepted well before Mountbatten arrived in India. Mountbatten’s formula was to divide India but retain maximum unity
The Act provided for the creation of two independent dominions of India and Pakistan with effect from August 15, 1947. As per the provisions of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, Pakistan became independent on August 14 while India got its freedom on August 15, 1947. M.A. Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan.

Congress and Gandhi stand

The virtual collapse of the Interim Government also made the notion of Pakistan appear unavoidable.
Official reference to Pakistan came in March 1947, when CWC resolution stated that Punjab (by implication, Bengal) must be partitioned if the country was divided.
Gandhi felt helpless because there had been a communalisation of the people. He had no option but to accept partition because the people wanted it

Post-independence riots

On both sides of the Radcliffe Line, sizable sections of populations became minority (religion-wise)—20 million non-Muslims in Pakistan and 42 million (later reduced to 35 million) Muslims in India.
In absurd hurry, the British government appointed the Boundary Commission under the chairmanship of Sir Cyril Radcliffe.
The communal riots had started in August 1946 itself, but with the announcement of partition and independence, the situation became more inflamed, due to Gandhi’s initiatives, no massacres took place in these regions)
Amidst serious chaos, the British troops started to leave India from August 17, 1947 and the process was completed by February 1948.
To resolve the problems of refugees and restore communal peace in the two countries, especially in Bengal (East Pakistan as well as West Bengal), the Indian prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru and the Pakistani prime minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, signed an agreement on April 8, 1950

15. IndiGau

Subject: Science and Technology

Context: Dr Jitendra Singh today released “IndiGau’, India’s first Cattle Genomic Chip for the conservation of pure varieties of indigenous cattle breeds like, Gir, Kankrej, Sahiwal, Ongole etc.

Concept:

“IndiGau’, India’s first Cattle Genomic Chip for the conservation of pure varieties of indigenous cattle breeds like, Gir, Kankrej, Sahiwal, Ongole etc.
This indigenous chip was developed by the concerted efforts of scientists of National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NAIB), Hyderabad, an autonomous institution under the aegis of the Department of Biotechnology.
IndiGau is purely indigenous and the largest cattle chip of the world.
Departments like DBT and NIAB are contributing to the welfare and income augmentation of farmers.
NIAB has entered into a MoU with private industry to generate capability within India for designing and making our own SNP chips.
This chip will have practical utility in the Governments schemes to achieve the goal of conservation of our own breeds with better characters and help towards doubling of farmers’ income by 2022

Advantages of chip

The use of this chip is for generating phenotypic and genotypic correlations, NIAB has entered into a collaborative agreement with National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).
NDDB has well organized presence in the field for collection of phenotypic record, NIAB and NDDB complement each other to undertake this research for generating information for low density SNP chip for any important trait detection, like high milk yield or heat tolerance etc.
This will eventually help in elite bull selection and improvement of productivity characters of Indian cattle.