Daily Prelims Notes 14 February 2023

Daily Prelims Notes

14 February 2023

Table Of Contents

1. Repo rate may remain at 6.5% for rest of CY23 : ICICI Securities
2. Insurance Dekho raises $150 m in Series A Funding from Goldman Sachs, TVS Capital funds
3. Blackbuck
4. As a heatwave spectre hangs again over India’s wheat harvest, its home-grown crop simulation model can help
5. Hydroelectric plans in Arunachal will effect downstream Assam too
6. Geological Exploration for Lithium
7. Two events on sidelines of G20 meet in Indore
8. Supreme Court dismisses Plea challenging Delimitation in Jammu and Kashmir
9. PM to open Aadi Mahotsav Festival
10. Draft Geo-heritage Sites and Geo-relics (Preservation and Maintenance) Bill 2022
11. House rules and the weapon of expunction

1. Repo rate may remain at 6.5% for rest of CY23 : ICICI Securities

Subject: Economy

Section: Monetary Policy

Repo and Reverse Repo Rate:

• Repo rate is the rate at which the central bank of a country (Reserve Bank of India in case of India) lends money to commercial banks in the event of any shortfall of funds. Here, the central bank purchases the security.
• Reverse repo rate is the rate at which the RBI borrows money from commercial banks within the country.

Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF):

• It is a tool used in monetary policy by the RBI that allows banks to borrow money through repurchase agreements (repos) or for banks to make loans to the RBI through reverse repo agreements.

Monetary Policy Committee

• The Monetary Policy Committee is a statutory and institutionalized framework under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, for maintaining price stability, while keeping in mind the objective of growth.
• An RBI-appointed committee led by the then deputy governor Urjit Patel in 2014 recommended the establishment of the Monetary Policy Committee.
• The Governor of RBI is ex-officio Chairman of the committee.
• The committee comprises six members (including the Chairman) – three officials of the RBI and three external members nominated by the Government of India.
• Decisions are taken by majority with the Governor having the casting vote in case of a tie.
• The MPC determines the policy interest rate (repo rate) required to achieve the inflation target (4%).

2. Insurance Dekho raises $150 m in Series A Funding from Goldman Sachs, TVS Capital funds

Subject: Economy

Section: Capital Market

Context:

The large majority of successful startups have engaged in many efforts to raise capital through rounds of external funding. These funding rounds provide outside investors the opportunity to invest cash in a growing company in exchange for equity, or partial ownership of that company.

Series A, B and C funding rounds are merely stepping stones in the process of turning an ingenious idea into a revolutionary global company, ripe for an IPO.

Concept:

Series A Funding

• Once a business has developed a track record (an established user base, consistent revenue figures, or some other key performance indicator), that company may opt for Series A funding in order to further optimize its user base and product offerings.
• In this round, it’s important to have a plan for developing a business model that will generate long-term profit.
• Series A rounds raise approximately $2 million to $15 million
• Investors are looking for companies with great ideas as well as a strong strategy for turning that idea into a successful, money-making business. The investors involved in the Series A round come from more traditional venture capital firms.
• It’s also common for investors to take part in a somewhat more political process. It’s common for a few venture capital firms to lead the pack. In fact, a single investor may serve as an “anchor.” Once a company has secured a first investor, it may find that it’s easier to attract additional investors as well.
• Angel investors also invest at this stage, but they tend to have much less influence in this funding round than they did in the seed funding stage.

Series B Funding

• Series B rounds are all about taking businesses to the next level, past the development stage.
• Investors help start-ups get there by expanding market reach. Companies that have gone through seed and Series A funding rounds have already developed substantial user bases and have proven to investors that they are prepared for success on a larger scale.
• It is used in bulking up on business development, sales, advertising, tech, support, and employees costs a firm a few pennies.
• The average estimated capital raised in a Series B round is $33 million
• Series B appears similar to Series A in terms of the processes and key players.
• The difference with Series B is the addition of a new wave of other venture capital firms that specialize in later-stage investing.

Series C Funding

• Businesses that make it to Series C funding sessions are already quite successful.
• These companies look for additional funding in order to help them develop new products, expand into new markets, or even to acquire other companies.
• In Series C rounds, investors inject capital into the meat of successful businesses, in an effort to receive more than double that amount back. Series C funding is focused on scaling the company, growing as quickly and as successfully as possible.
• Series C funding could be used to buy another company.
• In Series C, groups such as hedge funds, investment banks, private equity firms, and large secondary market groups accompany the type of investors mentioned above.
• Companies that do continue with Series D funding tend to either do so because they are in search of a final push before an IPO or, alternatively, because they have not yet been able to achieve the goals they set out to accomplish during Series C funding.

3. Blackbuck

Subject :Environment

Section: Species in news

Context: The blackbuck population has increased threefold in Odisha’s Ganjam district, the only habitat of the most elegant member of the antelope family in the state, over 12 years.

More on the News:

• Blackbucks were sighted in the Balukhand-Konark wildlife sanctuary in the Puri district through 2012-13; however, they have now vanished from the area.
• Improvement of habitats and protection by the local people and forest staff are some of the reasons behind the increase of the blackbuck population in the district.
• Not a single poaching case has been reported in the last few years in the area.
• Like the Bishnoi tribe community of western Rajasthan and the Vala Rajputs of Saurashtra, the people of Ganjam district in Odisha protect the blackbuck, as its sightings are considered an indicator of good luck.

Blackbuck

• Indian Blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra) is an antelope and is the only living species of the genus Antelope.
• It is considered to be the fastest animal in the world next to Cheetah.
• The blackbuck is a diurnal antelope (active mainly during the day).
• It has been declared as the State Animal of Punjab, Haryana, and Andhra Pradesh.
• Habitat:
  • Blackbuck inhabits grassy plains and slightly forested areas.
  • It is found in Central- Western India (MP, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra and Odisha) and Southern India (Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu).
• Protection Status:
  • Wildlife Protection Act 1972: Schedule I
  • IUCN Status: Least Concern
  • CITES: Appendix III
• Conservation:
  • The Bishnoi community of Rajasthan is known worldwide for their conservation efforts to blackbuck and Chinkara.

4. As a heatwave spectre hangs again over India’s wheat harvest, its home-grown crop simulation model can help

Subject :Environment

Section: Agriculture

Context: InfoCrop, available for free on IARI’s website, can forecast climate impact on farm yield in real time.

More on the News:

• Currently, the country does not have a system to forecast crop loss due to heatwaves or most other extreme weather conditions. The Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre, under the Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, provides pre-harvest forecasts for eight major crops at the national, state and district levels.
• The agency also puts out forecasts accounting for drought events, but not for other extreme weather conditions. Besides, the agency forecasts with static crop models, which cannot factor in real-time changes.
• The IARI scientists, in contrast, used InfoCrop version 2.1, India’s only dynamic crop simulation model developed and released by the institute in 2015 to study the long-term impact of climate change and crop management practices on yield.
• The model has an 85 per cent accuracy rate, which is on par with widely used dynamic models such as the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer model, developed by the US, and Agriculture Production Systems sIMulator, developed by Australia.
• InfoCrop is more suited for India as it has the life cycle data for almost all the local varieties of 11 crops: paddy, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, pigeon pea, chickpea, soybean, groundnut, potato and cotton.

InfoCrop

• InfoCrop is a process based dynamic simulation model for simulating growth, development and yield of rice, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, mustard, soybean, chick pea, pigeon pea, potato and cotton.
• It simulates the effects of weather, soil and crop management (sowing, seed rate, organic matter nitrogen and irrigation) and pests. It provides daily and summary outputs on various growth and yield parameters, nitrogen uptake, greenhouse gas emissions, soil water and nitrogen balance. It is used for several applications including yield forecast and climate change studies. It is known to perform better for tropical regions.

5. Hydroelectric plans in Arunachal will effect downstream Assam too

Subject :Geography

 Section : Indian Physical Geography

Context: Arunachal Pradesh is highly susceptible to landslides; debris flowing downstream will change river behaviour, fear experts.

More on the News:

• A recent push by Arunachal Pradesh to realise its massive hydroelectric potential has faced criticism from activists, scientists and communities in the state as well as in the downstream Assam.
• Arunachal Pradesh is often dubbed as the powerhouse of the country and is home to 34 per cent (50,328 megawatts) of the country’s 148,701 MW hydropower potential, according to estimates of the Hydro Power Policy, 2008.
• About 150 hydropower projects have been proposed in the Himalayas across the state and have faced massive protests.
• However, analysts fear that the projects may heavily affect the downstream areas in Assam. There will be a massive change in the state’s economic and socio-cultural life, along with the river ecosystem.
• The rivers will carry huge amounts of debris and sediments downstream due to deforestation and earth cutting for the projects upstream, which will change the behaviour of the rivers.
• Massive landslides have already been experienced in the project site Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project at Gerukamukh. These incidents indicate that the Eastern Himalayan part is more susceptible to landslides and the slightest tampering may cause huge devastation.

Hydro-electric Project in Northeast India:

About Hydro-electric Project https://optimizeias.com/on-joshimath-hydropower-projects-in-the-himalaya-should-be-reconsidered-given-recent-crisis/

6. Geological Exploration for Lithium

Subject: Geography

Section: Economic Geography

Concept:

• The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has categorized the recent discovery of lithium resources in preliminary exploration, called the G3 stage.
• According to The United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC), there are four stages of exploration for any mineral deposit: reconnaissance (G4), preliminary exploration (G3), general exploration (G2), and detailed exploration (G1).

United Nations Framework Classification (UNFC):

• The United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) is a resource project-based and principles-based classification system for defining the environmental-socio-economic viability and technical feasibility of projects to develop resources.
• UNFC provides a consistent framework to describe the level of confidence of the future quantities produced by the project.
• It is a universally applicable scheme for classifying/evaluating energy and mineral reserves/resources.
• It was adopted in 2004 by the United Nations Economic Commission of Europe (UNECE).
• The UNFC consists of a 3-dimensional system with the following three axes:
• The UNFC is a three-digit code-based system wherein:
  • First digit represents economic viability axis,
  • Second digit represent feasibility axis
  • Third digit represent geologic axis
• Each of these axes has further codes in decreasing order.

E Axis:

• The degree of economic viability (economic or potentially economic or intrinsically economic) is assessed in the course of prefeasibility and feasibility studies.
• A prefeasibility study provides a preliminary assessment with a lower level of accuracy than that of a feasibility study, by which economic viability is assessed in detail.
• The Economic viability has codes 1, 2 and 3 in decreasing order.

F Axis:

• Feasibility assessment studies form an essential part of the process of assessing a mining project.
• The typical successive stages of feasibility assessment i.e., geological study as initial stage followed by prefeasibility study and feasibility study/mining report are well defined.
• The feasibility assessment has codes 1, 2 and 3.

G Axis:

• Geological Assessment, which is more or less like the classification as per ISP adopted by GSI and other agencies in India.
• The process of geological assessment is generally conducted in stages of increasing details.
• The typical successive stages of geological investigation i. reconnaissance, prospecting, general exploration and detailed exploration, generate resource data with clearly defined degrees of geological assurance.
• The mineral extraction process typically begins with the G4 stage.
• These four stages are therefore used as geological assessment categories in the classification.
• The geological assessment has 4 codes i.e.
  • Detailed Exploration (G1)
  • General Exploration (G3)
  • Preliminary Exploration (G3)
  • Reconnaissance (G4)
• The G3 stage is further categorised into a six-step process to extract Lithium from Salt-flat brines or Mineral ores.
  • Stage 1: Geological Surveys: Mapping on a more extensive scale and linking prepared maps with a top grid. Assessment of lithology, structure, surface mineralisation, analysis of old workings etc.
  • Stage 2: Perform Geochemical sampling rock type wise, soil survey.
  • Stage 3: Detailed ground geophysical work and borehole logging.
  • Stage 4: Check the technicality of pits/trench to explore the mineralised zone and drill borehole spacing
  • Stage 5: Sampling for litho geochemical from a well-known section, pit/trench and core sample
  • Stage 6: Petrographic and mineralogical studies: the combined study of rocks in thin sections and the chemistry, crystal structure and physical properties of the mineral constituents of rocks.
• According to the Indian Bureau of Mines (IBM), apart from the thorough examination of the above-mentioned geological axis, the proposal to mine minerals also needs to be assessed from a feasibility point of view along with the prospects of economic viability.

7. Two events on sidelines of G20 meet in Indore

Subject : International Relations

Section: International Organizations

Concept :

• The first meeting of the G20 Agriculture Working group, will be held at Indore, in Madhya Pradesh from 13th to 15 February 2023.
• Around one hundred delegates from G20 member countries, guest countries and International Organizations are expected to participate in the meeting.
• The topics of the side events to be discussed on day 1 are stock taking of G20 initiatives in Agriculture and Global forum on climate smart agriculture for food security.
• International organisations like Italy headquartered inter-agency platform Agricultural Market Information System, GEOGLAM, Wheat Initiative among others will give representations on the topic.

Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS)

• The Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS) is an inter-agency platform to enhance food market transparency and encourage international policy coordination in times of crisis.
• It was established at the request of the Group of Twenty (G20) in 2011.
• Countries participating in AMIS encompass the main producing and consuming countries of major food crops covered by the initiative: wheat, maize, rice and soybeans.
• AMIS is hosted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in Rome/Italy and supported by a joint Secretariat, which currently (September 2016) consists of eleven international organizations and entities.

Group on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring Initiative (GEOGLAM)

• GEOGLAM is a Group on Earth Observations (GEO) Flagship Initiative.
• The GEOGLAM policy mandate initially came from the Group of Twenty (G20) Agriculture Ministers during the French G20 Presidency in 2011.
• The mandate has expanded parallel to the G20 mandate to include food security concerns and now works to support early warning for international agency response to emerging food emergencies.
• GEOGLAM has produced Stocktaking reports for the G20 in recent years. These reports are available for 2018, 2019 and 2020.
• The purpose of Group on Earth Observations Global Agricultural Monitoring Initiative (GEOGLAM) is to increase market transparency and improve food security by producing and disseminating relevant, timely, and actionable information on agricultural conditions and outlooks of production at national, regional, and global scales.
• It achieves this by strengthening the international community’s capacity to utilize coordinated, comprehensive, and sustained Earth observations.

Group on Earth observations

• The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) is a global partnership of governments and organisations that envisions “a future wherein decisions and actions for the benefit of humankind are informed by coordinated, comprehensive and sustained Earth observations”.
• GEO membership includes 103 member governments and 95 participating organisations comprised of international bodies with a mandate to carry out and/or make use of Earth observations.
• Together, the GEO community is creating a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) that will link Earth observation resources worldwide across the multiple Societal Benefit Areas, and make them available for informed decision-making.

8. Supreme Court dismisses Plea challenging Delimitation in Jammu and Kashmir

Subject : Polity

Section: Elections

Concept :

• The Supreme Court dismissed a challenge to the Constitution of the Jammu and Kashmir Delimitation Commission to readjust constituencies in the new Union Territory.
• The petition had contended that the delimitation exercise was in violation of Article 170(3) which had frozen delimitation till the first census after 2026.
• The petitioners had argued that delimitation cannot happen on the basis of the 2011 Census but must be carried out as per the 2001 Census or await “the first census after the year 2026”.

Supreme Court’s Judgement:

• On the legality of the Delimitation Commission for J&K, the two-judge bench of the Supreme Court said “the J&K Reorganisation Act, which created the two new Union territories, assigns the role of readjustment of constituencies to the Delimitation Commission under the Delimitation Act, 2002”.
• The Court said that Article 4 of the Constitution permits the Parliament to incorporate such provisions in the law made in accordance with Article 3 for the formation of new States and Union territories, which may be necessary to give effect to the provisions of the law.
• Such a law may also contain provisions as to representations in Parliament and in the Legislature of the State or States affected by such law.
• Therefore, such law which is made under Article 3 can always provide for readjustment of the Constituencies in the newly constituted States or Union territories through the Delimitation Commission.
• Hence, the Court held that there is no illegality associated with the establishment of the Delimitation Commission for J&K.

Constitutional Provisions:

• Article 82 and Article 170 of the Constitution empowers the Parliament to readjust the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assemblies of States respectively, after every census.
• Accordingly, the Parliament enacts a Delimitation Commission Act and an independent high-powered panel known as the Delimitation Commission is constituted to carry out the exercise of delimitation.
• The Parliament has enacted the Delimitation Commission Acts in 1952, 1962, 1972 and 2002 for this purpose.
• There was no Delimitation Commission Act after the 1981 and 1991 census.
• The present delimitation of constituencies has been done on the basis of 2001 census data under the provisions of Delimitation Commission Act, 2002.
• The next Delimitation Commission will be set up after 2026.
• Further, Article 330 and Article 332 of the Constitution provide for re-fixing the number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the Lok Sabha and the Legislative Assemblies of the states, on the basis of the 2001 census.

About Delimitation Commission:

• The Delimitation Commission is a high-powered committee entrusted with the task of drawing and redrawing of boundaries of different constituencies for state assembly and Lok Sabha election.
• It is appointed by the President and works in collaboration with the Election Commission.
• The Commission consists of –
  • A retired or working Supreme Court Judge (chairperson)
  • Election Commissioner
  • Concerned State Election Commissioners
• The Commission’s orders have the force of law and cannot be called in question before any court.

Delimitation Commission for Jammu & Kashmir:

• In the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir, the delimitation of Lok Sabha seats was governed by the Indian Constitution, but the delimitation of its Assembly seats was governed separately by the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution.
• But after the abrogation of Article 370 on August 5, 2019, Jammu and Kashmir lost its special status and became a Union Territory.
• In March 2020, the Union government set-up a Delimitation Commission which was tasked with delimitation in J&K and four north-eastern states – Assam, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, which was supposed to be completed in a year.
• However, due to Covid-19 pandemic, the Commission had been given an extension of one year.
• It will be only after the completion of the delimitation exercise that elections for the J&K Legislative Assembly can be held.

9. PM to open Aadi Mahotsav Festival

Subject :Schemes

Section :Tribal

Concept :

• Prime Minister of India will inaugurate the Aadi Mahotsav festival of the Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd. (TRIFED) on February 16 in New Delhi’s Major Dhyan Chand Stadium.

About Aadi Mahotsav:

• It is an annual Tribal Festival that was started in the year 2017.
• It is a joint initiative of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs & Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED).
• It aimed to familiarise the people with the rich and diverse craft, and the culture of the tribal communities, in one place.
• Theme: “A Celebration of the Spirit of Tribal Crafts, Culture and Commerce”

About TRIFED

• TRIFED came into existence in 1987 under the Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act, of 1984.
• It is a national-level apex organization functioning under the administrative control of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
• It is headquartered at New Delhi.
• Objectives of the Organisation: Socio-economic development of tribal people in the country by way of marketing development of tribal products.
• The organisation assists tribal people in exploring and creating opportunities to market the developed products in national and international markets on a sustainable basis.
• Under the TRIBES India brand, the sourced handcrafted products from the tribal people are sold.

10. Draft Geo-heritage Sites and Geo-relics (Preservation and Maintenance) Bill 2022

Subject : History

Section: Art and Culture

Concept :

• A draft Bill, aimed at protecting India’s geological heritage that includes fossils, sedimentary rocks, natural structures, has raised alarm in India’s geo-sciences and paleontology community.

Geo Heritage:

• “Geoheritage” is a generic but descriptive term applied to sites or areas of geologic features with significant scientific, educational, cultural, or aesthetic value.
• Geoheritage sites serve the public interest.
• Such sites are critical to advancing knowledge about natural hazards, groundwater supplies, soil processes, climate and environmental changes, evolution of life, etc.
• The Geological Survey of India has declared 32 geo-heritage sites. These include –
  • Siwalik Fossil Park, Himachal Pradesh;
  • Stromatolite Fossil Park, Jharmarkotra Rock Phosphate deposit, Udaipur,
  • Akal Fossil Wood Park, Jaisalmer.
• The delipidated state of many of these places shows the need for a geo-heritage Bill.
• India is a signatory to the UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted in 1972, which recognises it has a “duty of ensuring the identification, protection, conservation, presentation and transmission to future generations of the cultural and natural heritage situated in its territory”.
• Currently, there is no legislation for the protection of geo-heritage sites in India.
• Due to this, the sites are threatened with destruction due to decay, population pressure, and changing social and economic conditions.
• Hence, the Ministry of Mined introduced the draft Geo-Heritage Sites and Geo-relics (Preservation and Maintenance) Bill, 2022.

Key Features of the Draft Bill:

• Declaration of Geoheritage sites :
• The central government may declare a site as a geoheritage site of national importance.
• Geoheritage sites must contain features of geological significance, such as geo-relics or natural rock sculptures.
• Geo-relics are movable relics such as fossils or meteorites.
• Protection of Geoheritage sites :
• The draft Bill empowers the central government to acquire, preserve, and maintain geoheritage sites.
• Director General of the Geological Survey of India will be given powers for this purpose, such as surveying and excavation.
• Construction on these sites will be prohibited.

Protection of Geo-relics :

• The central government may declare that a geo-relic cannot be moved from its site, by notification, unless permitted by the Director General.
• The Director General may direct the acquisition of a geo-relic to protect it.

Offences & Penalties :

• Offences under the Bill include (i) destruction or misuse of a geoheritage site, (ii) illegal construction, and (iii) damaging or illegally moving a geo-relic.
• These offences are punishable with a fine of up to five lakh rupees or imprisonment of up to six months, or both.

Criticism of the Bill:

• The critics argue that all the authority w.r.t. geoheritage sites and geo-relics is being vested in the hands of the DG of the Geological Survey of India.
• As an alternative, the critics suggest that there needs to be a broader committee of experts from a wider range of institutions.
• This would mean that the interests and difficulties faced by researchers, who actually work in the field, are kept in mind.
• At present, the Bill has not been presented before the Union Cabinet by the Ministry of Mines. Only after an approval from the Union Cabinet, can the Bill be tabled in the Parliament.

11. House rules and the weapon of expunction

Subject: Polity

Section: Parliament

Concept:

• The expunction of portions of the speeches made by Opposition politicians in Parliament recently has sparked off a debate on an action taken by the Speaker and the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

Rules of the house

• Article 105 of the Constitution confers on members, freedom of speech in the House and immunity from interference by the court for anything said in the House.
• Rule 380 of the Rules of procedure of the Lok Sabha and Rule 261 of the Rules of the Rajya Sabha give the power to the presiding officers of these Houses to expunge any words used in the debate which are defamatory, unparliamentary, undignified or indecent.
• Once expunged they do not remain on record.
• If anyone publishes them thereafter, they will be liable for breach of privilege of the House.
• Rule 353 of the Lok Sabha regulates the procedure in that regard.
• MPs are required to give “adequate advance notice” to the Speaker as well as the Minister concerned.
• Rule does not prohibit the making of any allegation.
• The only requirement is advance notice: Minister concerned will conduct an inquiry into the allegation
• The allegation which necessitates advance notice, is of a defamatory or incriminatory nature.
• If the allegation is neither defamatory nor incriminatory, the above rule would have no application.
• The rule does not apply to an allegation against a Minister in the government.
• The Council of Ministers is accountable to Parliament, the Members of the House have the right to question Ministers and make imputations against their conduct as Ministers.

Procedure while making an allegation against a Minister:

• Such a procedure has been laid down by Speakers in the past.
• Making an allegation against a Minister or the Prime Minister: The MP who makes an imputation against a Minister of the government should be sure about the factual basis of the allegation, and that he must take responsibility for it.
• If the MP complies with this stipulation, then the allegation will be allowed to remain on record.

Two rulings made by the Speakers on some occasions:

On September 2, 1965 Prakash Vir Shastri, MP, made personal allegations against Humayun Kabir, the then Minister for Education:

• Mere report in a newspaper about anything does not give you the privilege to raise it in the House.
• That is not a sufficient basis for a member to make an allegation against a Minister, member or other dignitaries.
• It is necessary to probe it further and satisfy oneself about it.

On December 21 1981 in the Lok Sabha, Bapusaheb Parulekar, MP, made a reference to an allegation against the then Railway Minister, Kedar Pande.

• The member should, before making an allegation in the House, satisfy himself after making enquiries that there is a basis for the allegation.
• The member should be prepared to accept the responsibility for the allegation
• The member should be prepared to substantiate the allegation.