Daily Prelims Notes 17 September 2022

Daily Prelims Notes

17 September 2022

Table Of Contents

1. Modi a true follower of Ambedkar
2. Small company under Companies Act 2013
3. Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana
4. Madras High Court found YouTuber Savukku Shankar guilty of criminal contempt of court
5. History of Kohinoor
6. British Colonies in Africa
7. Hyderabad State Liberation Day
8. Maharaja Hari Singh birthday declared as a holiday
9. Eklavya schools for tribal students get short shrift in teacher recruitments
10. Cheetah translocation
11. World Ozone Day
12. KRITAGYA

1. Modi a true follower of Ambedkar

Subject: Modern India

Context: Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Jayanti.

Content:

• Bhirao Ramji Ambedkar, popularly known as Babasaheb, was the chairman of Constitution Drafting Committee and a champion of Dalit and minority rights movement in India.
• Ambedkar, who was an economist and social reformer, also served as the first Law Minister of Independent India.
• Born into a poor Mahar caste in Mhow, Madhya Pradesh, he was the first untouchable to have entered Elphinstone College which was affiliated with University of Bombay.
• After obtaining a degree in economics and political science, Ambedkar moved to United States in 1913 to study at Columbia University in New York City. He earned doctorates in economics from Columbia University and London School of Economics.
• Throughout his political career and public life, Ambedkar worked for upliftment of Dalit (untouchable) community.
• In 1920, Ambedkar launched a newspaper called “Mooknayaka”
• Other periodicals started by him were – ‘Bahishkrit Bharat’ (1927), ‘Samatha’ (1929) and ‘Janata’ (1930))
• In 1923, he set up the ‘Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha .
• Ambedkar launched full-fledged movements for Dalit rights in 1927 and demanded public drinking water sources open to all and right for all castes to enter temples. This is called as Mahad Satyagraha.
• Ambedkar participated in all three round table conferences in London.
• He demanded separate electorate for untouchables which were opposed by Gandhiji leading to Poona pact in 1932.
• The Poona Pact was an agreement between Mahatma Gandhi and B. R. Ambedkar on behalf of depressed classes and upper caste Hindu leaders on the reservation of electoral seats for the depressed classes in the legislature of British India in 1932.
• It was signed by Ambedkar on behalf of the depressed classes and by Madan Mohan Malviya on behalf of Hindus and Gandhi  as a means to end the fast that Gandhi was undertaking in jail as a protest against the decision made by British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald to give separate electorates to depressed classes for the election of members of provincial legislative assemblies in British India. They finally agreed upon 148 electoral seats. Nearly twice as many seats were reserved for Depressed Classes under the Poona Pact than what had been offered by MacDonald’s Separate Electorate.
• He published the book Annihilation of Caste in 1936 which spoke against caste system and Hindu orthodox religious leaders.
• In order to participate in this election Dr. Ambedkar established Independent Labour Party in August, 1936 which contested election on 17 seats in Bombay Presidency and won 15 seats.
• After this on 19^th July, 1942 he formed another party known as All India Scheduled Castes Federation (AISCF). This party contested election held in 1946 and 1952 but lost them under the adverse impact of Poona Pact.
• As a result of it Dr. Ambedkar himself lost the election in 1952 and 1954
• At last Dr. Ambedkar dissolved AISCF on 14^th October, 1956 at Nagpur and announced the formation of Republican Party of India (RPI).
• He was the chairman of the drafting committee of Indian constitution

2. Small company under Companies Act 2013

Subject: Economy

Context:

The Corporate Affairs Ministry (MCA) has relaxed the paid up capital threshold for small companies, facilitating further Ease of Doing Business and reduced compliance burden for such companies.

Concept:

Definition of small company as per Companies Act 2013:

The following company shall not qualify as a small company: 

• A holding company or a subsidiary company.
• A company registered under Section 8 of the Act.
• A company or body corporate governed by any special act.

Benefits:

This will allow more companies  to avail benefits available to a small company under the Companies Act, 2013:

• No need to prepare a Cash flow statement as part of a financial statement.
• Where other companies require providing details of remuneration to directors and key managerial personnel, small companies are required to provide details of the only aggregate amount of remuneration drawn by directors in its Annual Return.
• Mandatory rotation of the auditor is not required.
• An Auditor of small companies is not required to report on the adequacy of the internal financial controls and its operating effectiveness in the auditor’s report.
• Hold only two board meetings in a year.
• Annual Return of the company can be signed by the Company Secretary, or where there is no company secretary, by a single director of the company.
• Lesser penalties for Small Companies.
• Lesser filing fees for Small Companies.
• Types of share capital:
  • Authorised Capital: Authorised capital is referred to as the amount that a company is entitled to issue as per the limits set by its Memorandum of Association.
    • The authorised capital can also be referred to as the normal or registered capital and it can be increased or decreased as per the rules laid down in the Companies Act.
  • Issued Capital: Issued capital is referred to as that part of the authorised capital that is issued to the public for subscription which includes shares allotted to the vendors and the signatories of the company’s memorandum.
  • Subscribed Capital: It is referred to as that part of the issued capital that is actually subscribed by the public.
    • The issued capital and subscribed capital becomes equal when the shares issued for public subscription are subscribed fully by the public.
  • Called up Capital: It is referred to as that part of the subscribed capital for which the company has asked shareholders to pay. The company can decide to ask the shareholders to pay in full or just a part of the face value of the shares.
  • Paid up Capital: It is referred to as that part of the called up capital that is actually been paid by the shareholders.
    • Called up capital and paid up capital will be equal when all the shareholders have paid the call amount. In an event of non-payment of a called up amount by shareholders, it is referred to as calls in arrears.
  • Uncalled Capital: It is that part of the subscribed capital that hasn’t yet been called upon by the company. The company reserves the right to collect this amount when there is a requirement for funds.
  • Reserve Capital: It is that part of the uncalled capital that a company may keep as a reserve which is only used in the event of winding up of a company. The creditors have the access to such capital in case the company is winding up.

3. Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana

Subject : Government schemes

Context:

The government  launched diabetes drug Sitagliptin and its combinations at various rates which will be sold at generic pharmacy stores, Janaushadhi Kendras.

Details:

• Sitagliptin phosphate tablets 50 mg (100 mg) -Rs 60 (rs100)/10 tablets,
• Combination of Sitagliptin and Metformin Hydrochloride tablets of 50mg/500mg -Rs 65 for a pack of ten
• Sitagliptin Metformin hydrochloride tablets of 50mg/1000mg – Rs 70 for the same quantity.
• It would improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 
  • Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose).

Concept:

Diabetes-Diabetes is a condition that impairs the body’s ability to process blood glucose, otherwise known as blood sugar.

Types

• Type I diabetes: Also known as juvenile diabetes, this type occurs when the body fails to produce insulin. People with type I diabetes are insulin-dependent, which means they must take artificial insulin daily to stay alive.
• Type 2 diabetes: It affects the way the body uses insulin. While the body still makes insulin, unlike in type I, the cells in the body do not respond to it as effectively as they once did.
  • This is the most common type of diabetes and it has strong links with obesity.
• Gestational diabetes: This type occurs in women during pregnancy when the body can become less sensitive to insulin. Gestational diabetes does not occur in all women and usually resolves after giving birth.

Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana

• It is a campaign launched by the Department of Pharmaceuticals of the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers.
• It seeks to provide quality medicines at affordable prices to the masses through special kendra’s known as Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Kendra.
• Initially launched in 2008, the scheme was rechristened in 2015.
• Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI) is the implementation agency for PMBJP.
  • The Bureau of Pharma Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) of India works under the Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilisers.
• Objective of the PMBJP:
  • To make available quality medicines, consumables and surgical items at affordable prices for all and reduce out of pocket expenditure of consumers/patients.
  • To popularise generic medicines among the masses and dispel the prevalent notion that low priced generic medicines are of inferior quality or are less effective.
    • Generic medicines are unbranded medicines which are equally safe and have the same efficacy as that of branded medicines in terms of their therapeutic value.
  • To ensure easy availability of the menstrual health services (Janaushadhi ‘Suvidha’ sanitary napkins) to all women across India.
  • Generate employment by engaging individual entrepreneurs in the opening of PMBJP Kendras.
• Janaushadhi Kendra?
  • These are the centres from where quality generic medicines are made available to all.
  • Bureau of Pharma PSUs in India (BPPI) supports Janaushadhi Kendras as a part of PMBJP.
  • The Government has set a target to increase the number of Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Kendras (PMBJKs) to 10,500 by the end of March 2025.

4. Madras High Court found YouTuber Savukku Shankar guilty of criminal contempt of court

Subject :Polity

Context: On Thursday, the Madurai bench of the Madras High Court found YouTuber Savukku Shankar guilty of criminal contempt of court and sentenced him to six months imprisonment.

Concept :

• According to the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971, contempt of court can either be civil contempt or criminal contempt.
• Civil contempt means wilful disobedience of any judgment, decree, direction, order, writ or other process of a court, or wilful breach of an undertaking given to a court.
• Criminal contempt, on the other hand, is attracted by the publication (whether by words, spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representations, or otherwise) of any matter or the doing of any other act whatsoever which:
• scandalises or tends to scandalise, or lowers or tends to lower the authority of, any court; or
• prejudices, or interferes or tends to interfere with, the due course of any judicial proceeding; or
• interferes or tends to interfere with, or obstructs or tends to obstruct, the administration of justice in any other manner.
• In 2006, the government brought in an amendment, which now provides “truth” as defence provided it is bona fide and in public interest.
• A-G’s consent to initiate contempt of court proceedings: In the case of a criminal contempt the court may take action on its own motion or on a motion made by (a) the Advocate-General, or (b) any other person, with the consent in writing of the Attorney-General of India.

5. History of Kohinoor

Subject : History

Context: While no date has been announced for formal coronation ceremony  yet, what is known is that several of the other Crown Jewels will be a part of the ceremony, and the Kohinoor diamond will also be seen.

Concept :

The Koh-i-Noor is a large, colorless diamond that was found close to Guntur in the state, India, probably within the thirteenth century. It weighed 793 carats (158.6 g) uncut and was initially owned by the Kakatiya dynasty.

Timeline of Possession

• 14th Century AD: in the early 14th century, Alauddin Khilji, second ruler of the Turkic Khilji dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, and his army began robbery the kingdoms of southern India. Malik Kafur, Khilji’s general, created a victorious raid on Warangal in 1310 when he probably acquired the diamond.
• 16Th Century AD : It remained within the Khilji family line and later passed to the succeeding dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate, till it came into the possession of Babur.
• 17th Century AD : Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor, had the stone placed into his ornate Peacock Throne. In 1658, his son and successor, Aurangzeb, confined the unwell emperor at nearby Agra Fort. Whereas within the possession of Aurangazeb, weight of the stone was reduced from 793 carats (158.6 g) to 186 carats (37.2 g). For this carelessness, Borgia was admonished and punished 10,000rupees.
• 18th century (1739 AD ) : Following the 1739 invasion of Delhi by Nader Shah, the Shah of Persia, the treasury of the Mughal Empire was plundered by his army in AN organized and through the acquisition of the Mughal nobility’s wealth. Besides a bunch of valuable things, together with the Daria-i-Noor, as well as the Peacock Throne, the Shah conjointly carried away the Koh-i-Noor.
• 18th Century (1747 AD): After the assassination of Nader Shah in 1747 and also the collapse of his empire, the stone came into the hands of one of his generals, Ahmad Shah Durrani, who later became the amir of Islamic State of Afghanistan.
• 19th Century (1813 AD): After ahmad Shah the Diamond came into possession of Ahmad Shah Durrani’s descendent Shauja Shah Durrani . Shah Shuja Durrani brought the Koh-i-door back to India in 1813 and gave it to Ranjit Singh (the founding father of the Sikh Empire). In exchange, Ranjit Singh helped Shah Shuja retreat to the throne of Islamic State of Afghanistan.
• 19th Century (1849 AD): On twenty-nine March 1849, following the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the dominion of Punjab was formally annexed to British India, and also the Last treaty of Lahore was signed, formally cession the Koh-i-Noor to Empress and the Maharaja’s other assets to the company.

6. British Colonies in Africa

Subject : History

Context : Amid the collective outpouring of grief and mourning after the demise of Queen Elizabeth II, several discordant voices have sought accountability for the violent legacy left behind in Africa by the British until about the middle of the 20th century.

Concept :

• Members of the Nandi group, an East African ethnic tribe based in Kenya, recently urged Britain to return the severed head of Koitalel Arap Samoei, a spiritual leader who was killed in 1905 when the country was under Britain’s colonial rule.
• Samoei had led his community during a prolonged rebellion against the British. He was killed by a British officer named Richard Meinertzhagen, who lured him to a meeting to discuss truce, but shot him instead.
• Samoei’s head was then severed from his body and shipped to England as a trophy, according to widely recorded testimony.
• Britain controlled much of the continent of Africa for nearly a century before its empire collapsed in the middle of the 1900s.

Important British Colonies in Africa

• Sudan, The Republic of the South Sudan, Lesotho, Botswana, kenya, uganda, Somalia, Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, South Africa, Sierra Leone, Malawi.

7. Hyderabad State Liberation Day

Subject : Post Independence

Context : The Telangana Government and Central government will observe 75 years of Liberation of Hyderabad on 17th September 2022 to signify the merger of erstwhile Hyderabad State under Nizam rule with the Indian Union.

Concept :

Integration of Princely State of Hyderabad into India

• Hyderabad was one of the largest natives/princely states in India. It was ruled by the Nizams who accepted the paramountcy of the British sovereign.
• The Nizam of Hyderabad like the Nawab of Junagadh and the ruler of Kashmir did not accede to India before the date of independence, i.e., 15th August 1947.
• He was encouraged by Pakistan and Muslim natives peoples, to stay as an independent power and improve his armed forces to resist the integration.
• During this military improvisation, internal chaos emerged in the state of Hyderabad because of which, on 13th September 1948, the Indian Army was sent into Hyderabad under Operation Polo (military operation to annex Hyderabad into the Union of India), on the grounds that the law-and-order situation in Hyderabad threatened the peace of South India.
• The troops met little resistance by the Razakars (the private militia who were resisting the integration), and between the 13th and 18th September, the military took complete control of the state.
• The operation led to massive communal violence with estimates of deaths ranging from the official one of 27,000 to 40,000 to scholarly ones of 200,000 or more.
• After the integration, the Nizam was retained as the head of state in the same manner as the other princes who acceded to India.

8. Maharaja Hari Singh birthday declared as a holiday

Subject : History

Context : Amidst street celebrations in Jammu, senior Congress leader Karan Singh, son of late Maharaja Hari Singh, said he was delighted by the announcement of the J&K Lieutenant Governor to declare the birth anniversary of the Dogra king a holiday in the Union Territory (UT).

Concept :

• Born on 23 September 1895 in Jammu, Singh was the son of Raja Amar Singh Jamwal whose brother Pratap Singh was the king of the state.
• When Hari Singh’s father died in 1909, the British took a keen interest in his studies. After his basic education in Mayo College in Ajmer, Rajasthan, Singh went to the British-run Imperial Cadet Corps in Dehradun for military training.
• At the age of 30, Hari Singh ascended the throne of the Maharaja of J&K when his uncle Pratap Singh passed away in

Accession of J&K to India

• Jammu and Kashmir was one among the 565 princely states of India on which the British paramountcy lapsed at the stroke of midnight on 15th August 1947 under the Partition Plan provided by the Indian Independence Act.
• The rulers of princely states were given an option to join either India or Pakistan.
• The ruler of Kashmir Maharaja Hari Singh did not exercise the option immediately. He instead offered a proposal of standstill agreement to both India and Pakistan, pending the final decision on the state’s accession.
• Pakistan entered into the standstill agreement but it invaded the Kashmir from north with an army of soldiers and tribesmen carrying modern weapons
• The Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir appealed to India for help. He sent his representative Sheikh Abdullah to Delhi to ask for India’s help.
• On 26th October 1947, Maharaja Hari Singh fled from Srinagar and arrived in Jammu where he signed an ‘Instrument of Accession’ of J&K state.
• According to the terms of the document, the Indian Jurisdiction would extend to external affairs, communications and defence. After the document was signed, Indian troops were airlifted into the state and fought alongside the Kashmiris.
• On 5th March, 1948, Maharaja Hari Singh announced the formation of an interim popular government with Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah as the Prime Minister.

Delhi Agreement

• In 1951, the state constituent assembly was elected. It met for the first time in Srinagar on 31st October 1951.
• In 1952, The Delhi Agreement was signed between Prime Ministers of India and Jammu & Kashmir giving special position to the state under Indian Constitutional framework.
• On 6th february 1954, the J&K constituent assembly ratified the accession of the state to the Union of India.
• The President subsequently issued the constitution order under Article 370 of the Constitution extending the Union Constitution to the state with some exceptions and modifications.
• Recently in 2019, Article 370 was repealed through a presidential order.

9. Eklavya schools for tribal students get short shrift in teacher recruitments

Subject: Government schemes

Context: Despite sanctioning record numbers of Eklavya model residential schools for tribal students since 2014 and setting up of the National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS) to manage these schools in 2018, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs has so far been unable to fix the teacher shortage faced across 378 of such schools that are currently functional

• Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS) started in the year 1997-98 to impart quality education to ST children in remote areas.
• The schools focus not only on academic education but on the all-round development of the students.
• The objective of EMRS is to provide quality middle and high level education to Scheduled Tribe (ST) students in remote areas, not only to enable them to avail of reservation in high and professional educational courses and as jobs in government and public and private sectors but also to have access to the best opportunities in education at par with the non ST population.
• Each school has a capacity of 480 students, catering to students from Class VI to XII.
• These are being set up by grants provided under Article 275(1) of the Constitution.
• Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRSs) are funded by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
• In order to give further impetus to EMRS, it has been decided that by the year 2022, every block with more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal persons, will have an EMRS.
• Eklavya schools are on par with NavodayaVidyalaya and have special facilities for preserving local art and culture besides providing training in sports and skill development.

National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS)

National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS), an autonomous organization established under Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA). The Institution was created to provide high quality education to the tribal students in their own environment.

10. Cheetah translocation

Subject : Environment

Aim of translocation:

• To restore India’s “historic evolutionary balance” and develop a cheetah “metapopulation” that will help the global conservation
• It will revive grassland-forests and its biome and habitat
• The translocation project has also helped conservation efforts in Africa, in particular SouthAfrica (Today, 4,500 of the world’s 7,000 cheetahs in SouthAfrica).

Why was Kuno National Park chosen?

• Both cheetahs and Asiatic lions share the same habitat of  semi-arid grasslands and forests that stretch across Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. 
• Kuno itself has a healthy prey base (chital, sambhar , neelgai, wild pig, gazelle, langur, peafowl)
• Kuno is located in the rainfall level, temperature and altitude are similar to conditions in South Africa Namibia.

Issues in translocation:

• The difficulty to find genetically suitable animals and genetic viability. Animals will remain susceptible to demographic and environmental events in such a broken landscape.
• This can lead to inbreeding depression in the new population.
• Physical security, enough space, and ample food are the concerns.
• It furthers habitat fragmentation.
• Homing instincts: most animals have an uncanny ability to sense direction and, if displaced, find their way back, risks losing the target site, also inviting conflict with people coming in the way of a homebound carnivore walking through unfamiliar territories.

Moving wild animals to locations for conservation across the world:

11. World Ozone Day

Subject : Environment

Concept:

• World Ozone Day is celebrated on 16th September each year to commemorate the signing of the Montreal Protocol that came into force on this day in 1987.
• World Ozone Day is celebrated every year to spread awareness among people about the depletion of Ozone Layer and the measures taken and to be taken to preserve it.
• The theme of World Ozone Day 2022 is “Montreal Protocol@35: global cooperation protecting life on earth”.

India’s achievements in Implementation of the Montreal Protocol

• India phased out Chlorofluorocarbons, Carbon tetrachloride, Halons, Methyl Bromide and Methyl Chloroform for controlled uses as on 1 January 2010, in line with the Montreal Protocol schedule.
• Hydrochlorofluorocarbons Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP)Stage – I has been successfully implemented from 2012 to 2016 and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons Phase-out Management Plan (HPMP) Stage – II is under implementation since 2017 and will be completed by 2023.
• The study on reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions through phase-out of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) carried out by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change estimates that the reduction of GHG emissions due to phase-out of ODS till 2022 is 465 million tonne C02 equivalent.
• Implementation of actions emerging from India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) supplement efforts in adopting climate-friendly alternatives and promotion of energy efficiency during the implementation of HFC phase-out under the Kigali Amendment.

What is Ozone?

• Ozone (composed of three atoms of oxygen) is a gas that occurs both in the Earth’s upper atmosphere and at ground level.
• Ozone can be “good” or “bad” for your health and the environment, depending on its location in the atmosphere.
• The ground-level or “bad” ozone is an air pollutant that is harmful to breathe and it damages crops, trees and other vegetation. It is a main ingredient of urban smog.
• The stratosphere or “good” ozone layer extends upward from about 6 to 30 miles and protects life on Earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays.
• Ozone is produced naturally in the stratosphere. But this “good” ozone is gradually being destroyed by man-made chemicals referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS), including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform.

Global Initiatives to Curb Ozone Depletion

• The 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer was an international agreement in which United Nations members recognized the fundamental importance of preventing damage to the stratospheric ozone layer.
• The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer and its succeeding amendments were subsequently negotiated to control the consumption and production of anthropogenic (ODSs) and some hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).
  • The Protocol was signed by 197 parties in 1987 to control the use of ozone-depleting substances, mainly chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
  • The Montreal Protocol mandated the complete phase-out of CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS), which it has successfully managed to do in the last three decades.
  • CFCs were gradually replaced, first by HCFCs, or hydrochlorofluorocarbons, in some cases, and eventually by HFCs which have minimal impact on the ozone layer.
• The adoption of the 2016 Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol will phase down the production and consumption of some HFCs and avoid much of the projected global increase and associated climate change.

Hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs

• They are a family of chemicals used extensively in the air-conditioning, refrigeration and furnishing foam industry.
• HFCs are known to be much worse than carbon dioxide in causing global warming.
• In fact, according to the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), the average global warming potential of 22 of the most used HFCs is about 2,500 times that of carbon dioxide.
• United States and China are the world’s top producers and consumers of HFCs.
• India has successfully achieved the complete phase out of Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)-141 b, which is a chemical used by foam manufacturing enterprises and one of the most potent ozone depleting chemical after Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). (HCFC)-141 b is used mainly as a blowing agent in the production of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams.

“Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) component R-32”

• Finance Ministry has imposed definitive anti-dumping duty on imports of “Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) component R-32” from China.
• R32 is a refrigerant used in small split air conditioning systems.
• This definitive antidumping duty would be valid for five years.

12. KRITAGYA

Subject: Government schemes

Concept:

• Indian Council of Agricultural Research with its National Agricultural Higher Education Project and Crop Science Division is organizing Hackathon 3.0 ‘’KRITAGYA” on promoting ‘speed breeding for crop improvement’.
• KRITAGYA is: KRI for Krishi meaning Agriculture, TA for Taknik meaning Technology and GYA for Gyan meaning Knowledge.
• In this competition, students, faculty and innovators/entrepreneurs from any university/technical institute across the country can apply and participate in the program as a group.
• Participating students can collaborate with local start-ups, students from technology institutes and can win up-to INR 5 Lakhs.
• This event is also extending the support to winners for further development in their concept propositions, its scalability and future plan in collaboration with Agri Business Incubators, MSMEs and other investors through support of ICAR.