How does an electric battery work and what are the different types?
- November 15, 2023
- Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team
- Category: DPN Topics
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How does an electric battery work and what are the different types?
Subject :Science and Tech
Section :Msc
Context:
- Electric batteries have become an integral part of modern life, enabling the widespread use of motorization and wireless technology.
About Batteries
- Batteries are devices that store and release electrical energy, acquired by converting other forms of energy, primarily through chemical reactions.
Genesis of Electric Batteries
- Galvani’s Exploration: In 1780, Luigi Galvani conducted an experiment involving two metal plates and a frog’s leg, marking an early exploration of electricity’s effects on biological systems.
- Volta’s Voltaic Pile: Alessandro Volta’s voltaic pile in 1800 consisted of alternating copper and zinc plates separated by electrolyte-soaked paper.It produced a steady current but lacked a comprehensive explanation.
- John Daniel’s Research: British chemist John Daniel improved on Volta’s design with a more efficient cell that generated electric current for extended periods.
- Faraday’s Experiments: In the early 19th century, Michael Faraday elucidated the principles of electrochemical cells, including naming components like anode, cathode, and electrolyte.
Basics of Electric Batteries
- Voltaic Cells: Electric batteries, also known as voltaic or galvanic cells, utilize redox reactions to produce an electric current.They consist of two half-cells, each with a metal electrode immersed in an electrolyte of the same metal.
- Electron Transfer: In one half-cell, metal ions dissolve into the electrolyte, releasing electrons.In the other half-cell, the reverse occurs, as metal ions deposit onto the electrode and require electrons.
- External Circuit: A wire connects the two electrodes, allowing electron flow from the anode to the cathode.A salt bridge connects the two electrolytes, enabling ion exchange.
- Components: Key components include the cathode (positive electrode), anode (negative electrode), and the electrolyte.The source voltage and terminal voltage are important concepts.
- Source Voltage: It represents the energy imparted to electrons and is equal to the terminal voltage in ideal conditions.
- Issues: Corrosion is a common issue in electrochemical cells, caused by factors like moisture and galvanic corrosion.
Various Types of Batteries
- Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Batteries: Li-ion batteries are rechargeable and have revolutionized technology.They consist of a cathode, anode, and an electrolyte.During discharge, lithium ions move between electrodes, facilitating energy storage.
- Electric Vehicle (EV) Batteries: EV batteries, such as those used in Tesla’s Model S, are composed of numerous Li-ion cells and are critical for powering electric vehicles.
- Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Hydrogen fuel cells are gaining interest, especially in the context of green energy.They use hydrogen as a fuel source and produce electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen, emitting water as a byproduct.
Further Evolutions in Batteries
- Ongoing Research: Li-ion batteries and hydrogen fuel cells continue to be areas of extensive research, with diverse configurations and advantages.
- Hydrogen Economy: Hydrogen fuel cells are expected to play a pivotal role in the emerging hydrogen economy, and countries like India are investing in green hydrogen production.
Conclusion
- Thus,Electric batteries, rooted in the principles of electrochemistry, have undergone significant evolution, transforming the way we live and utilize energy.
- Their development and improvement remain central to advancing convenience and sustainability in industrialized societies, shaping the future of technology and transportation.