Main Factly November 2022

  • December 6, 2022
  • Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team
  • Category: Friday Factly
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ESSAYS

  • On highway to climate hell, humanity has a choice – cooperate or perish
  • Freedom gave us hope; independence gave us courage; democracy gave us rights and responsibilities; and nation-building defined our charter.
  • Upcoming decade is going to be a ‘Techade’: FM
  • Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment), launched on October 20 in the presence of UN Secretary-general Antonio Guterres, is at the heart of India’s vision of a safe planet
  • ‘Arc of moral universe bends toward justice’
  • India is undergoing multiple transitions – a demographic transition that leads to demands for job creation, an agrarian and urbanisation transition, and rapid infrastructure growth. All three are energy intensive

GS-1

GEOGRAPHY

  • Climate change
    • It refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.
      • Primary Impacts of Climate Change: –
        • Temperatures are increasing
        • Ice cover is thinning
        • Oceans are getting warmer
        • Sea levels are going up
      • India is undertaking an arduous effort to fight climate change despite accounting for less than four per cent of the world’s cumulative emissions so far
      • According to the Lancet Report Only *48 (51 per cent) of 95 countries reported having assessed their climate change adaptation needs and, even after the profound impacts of COVID-19, only 60 (63 per cent) countries reported a high to very high implementation status for health emergency management in 2021
    • Population
      • On 15 November 2022, the world’s population is projected to reach 8 billion people, a milestone in human development. This unprecedented growth is due to the gradual increase in human lifespan owing to improvements in public health, nutrition, personal hygiene and medicine. It is also the result of high and persistent levels of fertility in some countries. While it took the global population 12 years to grow from 7 to 8 billion, it will take approximately 15 years—until 2037— for it to reach 9 billion, a sign that the overall growth rate of the global population is slowing
      • The global population hit the one billion marks in 1804. It took another 126 years to hit 2 billion in 1930, and another 30 years to hit the next. The fourth billion took just 14 years, while the fifth billion was even fast er, in 13 years. In less than 100 years since 1930, the world population has grown four times.
      • In 2022, China and India account for over a third of world’s population, with China’s share at 2 percent and India’s at 17.7 percent
      • According to a World Bank Report, India needs to spend $840 billion to meet urban population needs
  • Lightning
    • Lightning strikes have led to deaths jn several states during this monsoon season, killing 579 people (Situation Report, Ministry of Home Affairs). Madhya Pradesh experienced the highest number of lightning related deaths (162), followed by Maharastra (121), Gujrat (72), Bihar (70), Rajasthan (49) and Chattisgarh (40)
    • According to the Annual Lightning Report 2020-21, India has experienced an increasing loss of human lives, property and livelihoods due to the rising frequency and intensity of lightnings and thunderstorms. Between 1972 and 2019, arround 90,632 people were killed due to the lightning strikes, followed by floods and rain (77724), heatwaves (34925), landslides (26980), cold waves (26167) and cyclones (23315)
    • The Accident Deaths and Suicides in India 2021 Report confirms that 7126 people were killed due to natural disasters, 40.4 percent death took place due to lightning, 9.2 percent of deaths due to floods and 8.7 percent of deaths due to the cold waves, 53 percent deaths due to landslides. 5.2 percent of deaths due to heat stroke and 1.7 percent of deaths due to cyclone
    • As per the annual Lightning Report 2020-21, India witnessed 18.5 million lightning strikes between April 2020 and March 2021, marking 34 percent more strikes than the previous years
  • Ocean
    • Indian Ocean is the third largest ocean in the world, covering a total area of 44 million km sq. It accounts for about 20 percent of the total ocean area in the world. The Indian Ocean is bordered by India, Pakistan and Iran jn the North; to the West is Arab Peninsula and Africa; to the east is Australia, Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula and to the South by the Southern Ocean

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GS-2

POLITY & GOVERNANCE

  • Judicial Vaccancies
    • Chief Justice Chandrachud said judicial vacancies were the “chief problem of today”. He said 25% of the posts in the district judiciary and 30% of the sanctioned strength of judges in the State judiciary were vacant. The Supreme Court has 7 vacancies.
    • The Supreme Court in its judgement had repeatedly said that India needs 50 judges per million population. Presently, the sanctioned strength is about 18 judges per million population and the working strength is about 14 judges per million
  • Judicial Pendency
    • According to the data provided by the Ministry of Law and Justice regarding the pendency of cases (unstarred question in the Rajya Sabha, no 595, July 21, 2022), the number of cases pending in the Supreme Court is 72,062, in the High Courts it is 59,45,709 and in the District Courts it is 4,19,79,353 — which is alarming
  • Criminalisation of Politics
    • According to the NGO, Association of Democratic Reforms, 69% of the income of political parties is from unknown sources. But even the 31% from the known sources pertains only to the income that the parties declare to the Income Tax (IT) department
  • National Family Health Service
    • India’s National Family Health Survey (NFHS­5) from 2019­21 reported that in children below the age of five years, 5% were stunted, 19.3% showed wasting, and 32.1% were underweight
  • Domestic Violence
    • A/q to NCRB, Domestic Violence cases in India increases 53% between 2001 & 2018
    • National Family Health Survey-5 data (2019-21) reveals the prevalence of high incidence of IPV among married couples in India: 27% of women experienced physical abuseto a “lower degree” (pushed, slapped, punched, or hair pulled); 9% experienced it to “higher” degree (dragged, strangled or threatened with a knife/gun); and 5.54% reported that they faced sexual abuse (forced into unwanted sex or performing sexual acts). In addition, approximately 13% of women faced emotional abuse (humiliated, insulted or threatened with harm by their husbands)

GS-3

ECONOMY

  • India’s Tax
    • GDP is just 15%, whereas demand for social and physical infra spending is 23% of GDP
  • Agriculture
    • Only mere 3% farmers depend upon government extension, There is a huge communication gap between farmers and government communication agencies. Agriculture universities and their research never reach farmers. Even as the government is spending huge amounts of money on extension and communication, farmers are struggling to get technical advice and information
    • Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy. About 56% of the net cultivated area of the country is rain fed accounting 44% of food production
    • World Economic Forum in its last report stated that drones have the potential to be the harbinger of technology-led transformation of Indian Agriculture. As per WEF, Drone usage could reduce cost of application by 20 percent and also mitigate health hazards of manual work, thereby promoting precision agriculture
  • Renewable Energy
    • Renewable energy contributes less than 8.2 percent of the total global source–with less than 1 percent reduction jn the carbon intensity of the global energy systems
  • Infrastructure
    • According to the report titled ‘Financing India’s Infrastructure Needs: Constraints to Commercial Financing and Prospects for Policy Action, half of the total $840 billion investment will have to be earmarked for basic municipal services including water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, roads and street lights
  • Labour Force Participation Rate
    • A 5-percentage point increase in Labour Participation Rate could increase GDP growth by 0.71 percent
  • GM Crops
    • GM crops have spread arround the world since 1996. By 2019, roughly 190 million hectares were under GM crops, led by corn and soyabean in the US, Brazil, Argentina and Canola (Rape-seed/mustard) in Canada, with no harmful impact on human health or the environment per se. More than 70 countries have accepted the use of GM Crop

ENVIRONMENT

  • Air Quality Index
    • According to the CPCB, AQI between 401 and 500 is categorised as ‘severe’ and it “affects healthy people and seriously impacts those with existing diseases”.
    • According to SAFAR (System of Air Quality Forecasting and Research), the largest share of stubble burning to Delhi’s AQI this year was 34 percent (Last year it was 42 percent)
  • Forest
    • Mangrove forest occupy arround 2000 sq km across the globe in tropical regions of 30 countries. India had a total mangrove cover of 4482 sq km
  • Groundwater
    • Groundwater extraction in India saw an 18-year decline according to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). The total groundwater recharge for the entire country is 437.6 billion cubic metres& annual groundwater extraction for the entire country is 239.16 bcm, according to the 2022 assessment report. India is the largest user of groundwater with a fourth of the total global withdrawal. Indian cities cater about 48 percent of its water supply from groundwater.
    • The total annual groundwater recharge–defined as the ground-water stored–for the entire country is 437.60 billion cubic metres(bcm) out of which qty extracted was 16 bcm.
  • Extreme Events
    • According to the World Bank, India bears losses worth $9.8 billion each year as a result of extreme events, with flood alone accounting for more than 50 percent of the damages. In 2020, floods lead to the damage equivalent to 0.15 percent of the country’s GDP in addition to thousands of lives being loss or impacted
  • Energy
    • India’s per capital energy consumption is barely a tenth of that of USA–the world’s 3rd highest emitter
    • According to published data, India’s energy and industry related carbon emissions are projected to double by 2050. Therefore, there is a need to have stringent policies and a regulatory framework that has a fair mix of carrot­and­stick approaches that incentivize green investments or a switch to clean energy and penalizes defaulters
  • NDC
    • According to the updated NDCs, India is committed to bringing down the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45 per cent by 2030 and achieving 50 per cent electricity from non­fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030

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