Main Factly October 2022

  • November 2, 2022
  • Posted by: OptimizeIAS Team
  • Category: Friday Factly
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ESSAY

  • Swami Vivekanand said, “Give me 100 energetic youth and I will change India”. It is time to give wings to the aspirations of our youth by moving from policy to action. Education institutes at all levels, public and private, need to recognise this concept of sewa leadership and incorporate it in their programmes. Multi-sectoral support in establishing more volunteering platforms across the country, along with revamping existing government ones and increasing visibility to promote volunteering like Unnati, Nehru Yuva Kendra and National Service Scheme will bring in more youth. The advantage of our large youth population will remain only a numerical strength unless we proactively and consciously focus on their overall development through tapping into the nation-builder and sewa leader within them so that they go on to spearhead a culture of innovation, entrepreneurship and diversity, and an ethos of compassion to create a thriving India
  • Mahatma Gandhi: –The world has enough for everyone’s need, but not enough for everyone’s greed
  • Defence Minister said, “PM Modi is the 2nd leader after Mahatma Gandhi who has known the pulse of our nation as he communicates directly with the people of the country”

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GS-1

SOCIETY

  • A recent report from NITI Aayog said sex ratio at birth (SRB) nationwide had dropped from 906 in 2012-2014 to 900 in 2013-2015

GEOGRAPHY

  • Coffee Board
    • According to the Coffee Board of India’s post blosoom estimated production for the 2022 crop year was estimated at 393400 metric tones
  • Pharma Industry
    • India’s pharma industry is estimated to account for over 20 per cent of global supplies by volume (Gambia issue)

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GS-2

POLITY

  • National Crime Records Bureau
    • A/q to a study in 2017 in Lancet Psychiatry, (14.3% of India’s population (or 197.3 million people) suffered from mental disorder. The National Crime Records Bureau says that 139,123 people die by suicide in 2019, an increase of 33.4% from the previous year. However, the budget for 2020-21 allocates a mere Rs 40 crores to the National Mental Health Programme, the same figure as for the previous year. In fact, funds for the premier National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences, Bengaluru, were actually cut
  • Labour Force Participation Rate
    • As per the National Sample Survey Office’s Periodic Labour Force Survey 2020-21, India’s labour force participation rate for all age groups is arround 41.6% (57.5% for males, 25% for females).
    • With our working age population projected to grow by roughly 9.7 millionper yearfrom 2021 to 2031 and 4.2 million annually in the 2031-41 period, there is immense potential to mobilise the expanding working age population and elevate labour force participation
  • Criminalisation in Politics
    • As per to Association of Democratic Reforms the 17th Lok Sabha holds the infamous record of 43 percentage members facing criminal charges against them, including allegations of serious offence such as rape, murder, robbery, criminal intimidation, hate speech etc. This marks a 109-percentage increase as compared to the 16th Lok Sabha in the no of criminals in our legislature
  • MNREGA
    • A study by consulting firm Dalit Advisors says 83 percent of job card holders under MGNREGA Report told that their wages were delayed or pending. This is the highest among 5 states: –Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Rajasthan & UP where the study was conducted. Over 48% of the beneficiaries in Andhra Pradesh said their payments were delayed
  • Funding of Political Parties
    • According to the NGO, Association of Democratic Reforms, 69% of the income of political parties is from unknown sources. But even the 31% from the known sources pertains only to the income that the parties declare to the Income Tax (IT) department

GOVERNANCE

  • Hidden Hunger& Malnutrition
    • Every other child of preschool age and two out of three women of reproductive age across the world are plagued by hidden hunger, a new study published in The Lancet has claimed. At least one of the three micronutrients i.e Zinc, Iron & Vitamin A was globally deficient in 372 million preschool-aged children — 56 per cent — and 1.2 billion non-pregnant women of reproductive age — 69 per cent. Geographically, south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific housed three-quarters of these children, while 57 per cent of these women were from east Asia and the Pacific or south Asia
    • The first National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in 1992-1993 found that India was one of the worst performing countries in Child Health indicators. The survey reported that more than half of the children under 4 were underweight& stunted. One in every 6 children was excessively thin (wasted). The bane of child & maternal nutrition is responsible for 15% of India’s total disease burden. Studies reveals that India losses 4% of its GDP & upto 8% of its productivity due to child malnutrition. The total allocations for the Union Budget 2021-22 saw an increase of 14.5% but the allocation towards child nutrition dropped by 18.5% compared to 2020-21
    • A/q to NFHS, more than 35.5% of the country’s children below the age of 5 are stunted, and 67% suffer from anameia
    • A/q to a report released by UNICEF in 2019 also reported that over 80% of adolescents in India suffered from hidden hunger arising from the deficiency of 1 of more malnutrition
  • Poverty
    • Around 415 million people in India climbed out of poverty between 2005-08 and 2019-21, with the incidence of poverty falling from 55 percent to just over 16 per cent over this period, according to the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2022
  • Health
    • Ministries of health need to focus on well-being rather than being ministries of sickness. They have to advocate for change across sectors such as education, housing, nutrition & tackle commercial determinants of health. (CAN BE USED IN ESSAY)
  • Global Multidimensional Poverty Index
    • India has uplifted 415 million people from multidimensional poverty between 2005-2006 and 2019-2021, according to the latest Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2022 released by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)&research centre Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHDI)
  • Polio
    • India accounted for over 60 percent of global polio cases as recently as 2009. India was long considered one of the most difficult regions, geographically to eradicate the diseases
  • Anti-Superstition Deaths
    • As per the 2021 Report of NCRB, 6 deaths were linked to human sacrifices while witchcraft was the motive for 68 killings in the country

IR

  • Russia’s fossil fuel reserves amounted to about 19% of the total global reserves. It has the largest proven natural gas reserves in the world

GS-3

ECONOMY

  • Farm Mechanisation
    • A/q to Economic Survey 2021, farm mechanisation reduces the cost of cultivation&increases productivity through efficient use of input & natural resources
    • A/q to Ministry of Agriculture, farm mechanisation helped in the overall increase of 9% in the productivity&14.1% in the seed germination. Mechanisation also helped in saving nearly one-third of the time of operations, 30 per cent reduction in labour requirements, 11 per cent reduction in seed rate, 26.6 per cent reduction in weed instances, 22.4 per cent/reduction in diesel consumption and 12.7 per cent redaction in fertiliser requirements. According to government data, 12,66,844 numbers of machines and equipment have been provided to farmers on subsidy; 14,182 custom hiring centres, 310 high-tech hubs and 13,080 farm machinery banks have been established across the States. To boost farm mechanisation, a special dedicated scheme, Sub Mission on Agriculture Mechanization (SMAM), has been introduced by the Centre under which subsidy is provided for the purchase of various types of agricultural equipment and machinery to the extent of 40-50 per cent
  • Major Crops
    • A/q to NSSO Report (2018-2019), around 24% of paddy and 21% of wheat is procured by designated agencies, while procurement of coarse cereals was less than 5% of the total output. Procurement also remained limited for pulses (8% for gram and 3% for ahar)
  • Agriculture
    • Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy. About 56% of the net cultivated area of the country is rain fed accounting 44% of food production
  • Jobs
    • As per to the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy’s Consumer Pyramids Household Survey, the month of Sep 2021 alone saw as many as 85 lakhs jobs
    • Nearly 69% jobs in India under threat by automation, as the country with its relatively young workforce, is set to add 160 million new workers over the next 20 years
  • Innovation
    • In the 2022 report of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), India ranked 40th in the Global Innovation Index (GII), an improvement of 6 spots from that in 2021 & a massive jump from 81st rank in 2015. WIP highlights that China & India are emerging as global innovation powerhouse
  • DISCOMS
    • Billing efficiency decreased from 85.41 per cent in FY20 to 84.07 per cent in FY21 (83.90 per cent in FY19). Collection efficiency deteriorated marginally from 92.80 per cent in FY21 to 92.40 per cent in FY20 over the same period (93.39 per cent in FY19), the report added. The report pointed out that the aggregate losses of Discoms rose from ₹30,203 crore in FY20 to ₹50,281 crore in FY21. Aggregate losses on tariff subsidy received excluding Regulatory Income and Revenue Grant under UDAY for loan takeover increased from ₹63,949 crore in FY20 to ₹88,500 crore in FY21.The net worth of Discoms continue to be negative at ₹44,160 crore as on March 31, 2021.
    • The pan-India average Aggregate Technical & Commercial (AT&C) losses of the distribution companies rose to 22.32 per cent in the Covid-impacted FY21
  • Food Security
    • The Hunger Hotspots Outlook (2022-23)— a report by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Food Programme (WFP) — forebodes escalating hunger, as over 205 million people across 45 countries will need emergency food assistance to survive.
    • An International Monetary Fund paper titled “Pandemic, Poverty & Inequality”—Evidence from India asserted that extreme poverty was maintained below 1% in 2020 due to the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKAY)
  • Millets
    • A study by the FAO, on millets in India emphasises strengthening value chains for enhancing nutritional benefits and increasing farmer’s income
    • An International Monetary Fund paper titled “Pandemic, Poverty & Inequality”—Evidence from India asserted that extreme poverty was maintained below 1% in 2020 due to the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana (PMGKAY)
  • Cybercrime
    • The cost of cybercrime alone is expected to reach 5 trillion US Dollars by 2025
  • Counterfeit Currency
    • According to a FICCI CASCADE study, the size of counterfeit market in these five key industries was ₹2,60,094 crore in 2019-20, which was more than 1 per cent of India’s GDP that year.
  • FTA
    • FTAs have registered a growth of 75% in the last 5 years. Additionally, India’s export to ASEAN has witnessed an increase from $25.13 billion in 2015-16 to $31.49 billion in 2020-21
  • Industry Manufacturing
    • Over the last 30 years, successive Central Govts have strived hard to raise the share of manufacturing in India’s GDP to 25 percent. It currently stands at 17 percent which is slight improvement since 2014 when it had been stagnating at 13-15 percent.
    • China has been able to increase the share of its manufacturing sector in its GDP from 17 percent in 1992 to 28 percent in 2021. Consequently, China has emerged as the world’s largest manufacturing economy. Its share in global marketing has increased from mere 4 percent in 1992 to an overwhelming 30 percent in 2021, significantly higher than Germany, which for long was the biggest manufacturing economy.
  • Defence
    • India was the world’s largest importer of arms in the period from 2017-2021, along with Saudi Arabia. It accounts for 11 percent of the total imports across the world, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. China is possibly the 2nd biggest weapon manufacturer in the world after USA. India’s arms exports were $200 million in FY 2020-21, they had increased more than 5 times to $1.54 billion
  • Livestock Sector
    • The livestock sector is one of the most rapidly growing components of the rural economy of India, accounting for 5% of national income&28% of the agricultural GDP in 2018-2019. In the last 6 years, the livestock sector grew at 7.9% (at consistent price) while crop farming grew by 2%
  • Drones in Agriculture
    • World Economic Forum in its last report stated that drones have the potential to be the harbinger of technology-led transformation of Indian Agriculture.
    • As per WEF, Drone usage could reduce cost of application by 20 percent and also mitigate health hazards of manual work, thereby promoting precision agriculture

ENVIRONMENT

  • There has been a 69 per cent decline in the wildlife populations of mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish, across the globe in the last 50 years, according to the latest Living Planet Report by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
  • Renewable Energy
    • Renewable energy contributes less than 8.2 percent of the total global source–with less than 1 percent reduction jn the carbon intensity of the global energy systems
  • Climate Change
    • Climate Change can reduce agricultural income by 15-25 percent. It is high time that rationale of climate resilient agriculture (CRA) is valued & implemented more rigorously
    • According to the Lancet Report, Only *48 (51 per cent) of 95 countries reported having assessed their climate change adaptation needs and, even after the profound impacts of COVID-19, only 60 (63 per cent) countries reported a high to very high implementation status for health emergency management in 2021
  • The Lancetcame out with its global annual countdown on the health impacts of climate change less than a fortnight ahead of the

World

  • Vulnerable populations were exposed to 3.7 billion more heatwave days in 2021 than annually in 1986–2005, the report noted. Heat-related deaths increased by 68 per cent between 2000–2004 and 2017–2021.
  • The number of months suitable for malaria transmission increased by 31.3 per cent and 13·8 per cent in the highland areas of the Americas and the highland areas of Africa from 1951–60 to 2012–21 respectively. The likelihood of dengue transmission rose by 12 per cent between 1951–60 and 2012–21.

India

  • An India-specific factsheet, derived from data in The Lancet report but not a part of the document itself, has significant findings.
    It found that heat-related deaths increased by 55 per cent between 2000-2004 and 2017-2021.
  • Some 167.2 billion potential labour hours were lost due to heat exposure. It amounts to an equivalent economic loss of 5.4 per cent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product.
  • The number of months suitable for dengue transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes rose to 5.6 months each year — 1.69 per cent increase between 1951-1960 and 2012-2021.
  • Infants went through 0.9 more heatwave days per year, while adults over 65 experienced 3.7 more days per person compared to 1986, the factsheet noted.

  • E-Waste
    • An ASSOCHAM-KPMG study suggest that the current generation of e-waste in India is around 1.85 million tonnes per annum. Cities like Mumbai, Delhi & Bengaluru alone accounts for 0.3 million tonnes per annum—17% of the national generations. India ranks 177 amongst 180 countries & is amongst the bottom 5 countries on the Environmental Performance Index 2018, a report released by World Economic Forum 2018

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